1)Huff JS, et al:Clinical policy;Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with syncope. Ann Emerg Med 49:431-444, 2007
2)Mendu ML, et al:Yield of diagnostic tests in evaluating syncopal episodes in older patients. Arch Intern Med 169:1299-1305,2009
3)Quinn JV, et al:Derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with short-term serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 43:224-232, 2004
4)Quinn J, et al:Prospective validation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 47:448-454, 2006
5)Birnbaum A, et al:Failure to validate the San Francisco Syncope Rule in an independent emergency department population. Ann Emerg Med 52:151-159, 2008
6)Sun BC, et al:External validation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule. Ann Emerg Med 49:420-427, 2007
7)Colivicchi F, et al:Development and prospective validation of a risk stratification system for patients with syncope in the emergency department:the OESIL risk score. Eur Heart J 24:811-819, 2003
8)Woifson AB, et al:Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine, 5th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2009
9)McDermott D, Quinn JV:Approach to the adult patient with syncope in the emergency department. UpToDate Ver. 17.3