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Neurological Surgery 脳神経外科38巻3号

2010年03月発行

文献概要

総説

痙縮に対する機能的脊髄後根切断術

著者: 師田信人1

所属機関: 1国立成育医療センター脳神経外科

ページ範囲:P.209 - P.228

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Ⅰ.はじめに

 痙縮(spasticity)は筋過緊張(hypertonia)の一種であり「相同性筋伸張反射(phasic stretch reflex:反応の強度が筋の伸展速度に比例する)の病的亢進状態」と定義される42,83).痙縮は中枢神経損傷後の運動機能回復に対する大きな阻害因子となる.それゆえ,痙縮の克服は障害児医療,とりわけ脳性麻痺小児の治療に携わるものにとって大きな課題であった8)

 本邦における痙縮も含めた筋過緊張の治療は,この10年あまりの間に大きな変遷を遂げている.これまで直接治療の対象とならなかった痙縮そのものに対し,機能的脊髄後根切断術,バクロフェン髄注療法,ボツリヌス毒素局所注入療法が導入され,治療法の選択(戦術)が広がっただけでなく,段階を踏んだ(戦略的)治療を展開することが可能となった3,8,11,21,96).これは同時に,筋過緊張を生じる病態(小児では固縮は極めて稀なので,痙縮またはジストニーおよび両者の混合)を理解し,治療法の適応を選択する時代になったことを意味する34,66,83)

 痙縮の代表的疾患である脳性麻痺(以下,特に断りがない場合,痙直型脳性麻痺の意味で使う)小児の治療法も,例外なくこの歴史的変換点に直面している.すなわち,脳障害から派生する2次的運動機能障害の原因である痙縮治療を第1段階でどうコントロールするかが問われる時代となった.この分野において,整形外科の果たしてきた役割は改めて強調するまでもない.また,整形外科治療とあわせて神経運動発達を促進することを目的にしたさまざまな神経リハビリテーション手技も唱えられてきた.脳性麻痺治療において,障害の要因である痙縮治療が重視されるようになったことは,いわば脳性麻痺治療戦略上の大きな変化である.機能的脊髄後根切断術の受け入れについて本邦では紆余曲折はあったが,痙縮軽減における重要な治療法の1つとして脳性麻痺リハビリテーションガイドラインに初めて記載されるようになってきたのも,このような状況を反映していると言える46)

 ここでは,痙直型脳性麻痺小児に対する機能的脊髄後根切断術について,歴史的背景,手術手技,手術成績,および痙縮治療戦略における位置づけを中心に述べる.なお,呼称については直訳となる「“選択的”脊髄後根切断術」が用いられることが多いが,本文中では“機能的”で統一した.

参考文献

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