icon fsr

文献詳細

雑誌文献

Neurological Surgery 脳神経外科41巻5号

2013年05月発行

文献概要

総説

Failed back syndromeの診断と治療

著者: 岩月幸一1

所属機関: 1大阪大学大学院医学系研究科脳神経外科

ページ範囲:P.383 - P.391

文献購入ページに移動
Ⅰ.はじめに

 腰椎変性疾患による腰痛や下肢痛に対して,一定の保存療法が無効の場合,手術が行われる.正しく診断され,計画通りに手術が行われれば,その成績は良好で安定していると考えられている.近年の脊椎外科においては,MRIなどの撮像法の進歩や低侵襲手術,脊椎内固定器具を用いた脊椎手術(spinal instrumentation)の発展とともに急速に進歩している.特にspinal instrumentationにより骨癒合率の上昇や早期離床が可能となり,脊椎外科におけるここ数十年の進歩はめざましい.この発展とともに脊椎手術,特に固定術が増加し27),その適応範囲も広くなってきている.医療上の大きな福音となっていることは間違いないが,その一方で脊椎手術の成功率にはばらつきがあり64,71),もう元には戻れない術後に,治療困難な疼痛などを残してしまうこともある.

 Failed back syndrome(FBS)は,failed back surgery syndrome(FBSS)ともいわれ,椎間板ヘルニアや脊椎症,腰部脊柱管狭窄症,変性すべり症,分離すべり症など,腰仙部退行性変性疾患由来と考えられる病態に対し手術が選択され,手術後に腰痛,下肢痛,痺れなどの症状が残存または再発した状態として定義され,1951年に命名されている21,47).これは腰椎の手術の実に10~30%,椎間板手術の5~10%,固定手術の5~50%に起こるとされている10,30,40,73).FBSによる痛みは慢性疼痛であり,さまざまな要因が考えられているが,術後の解剖学的変化と使われた内固定器具による影響で病態把握と治療が難しく,脊椎外科における1つの大きな課題となっている.

 想定されている要因として,椎間板ヘルニアの残存,再発による神経根圧迫や,術後関節の動態変化,不安定性,瘢痕組織,抑うつ,不安焦燥,不眠,腰背筋痛などがある.正確にはsyndromeではなくorganic diseaseであるとされている.FBSになりやすい要因として,糖尿病,自己免疫疾患,末梢血管障害などの全身疾患が考えられている.患者は,広範な“重だるい”といった腰痛や,鋭い電撃腰痛を訴えることもある.下肢痛は術前のものとは異なる場合もある.

 FBSの治療は,理学療法,神経根ブロック,経皮的電気刺激,NSAIDsなどの鎮痛薬,抗うつ薬,脊髄電気刺激,髄内,硬膜外モルヒネ投与などがある.

参考文献

1) An HS, Silveri CP, Simpson JM, File P, Simmons C, Simeone FA, Balderston RA:Comparison of smoking habits between patients with surgically confirmed herniated lumbar and cervical disc disease and controls. J Spinal Disord 7:369-373, 1994
2) Benner B, Ehni G:Spinal arachnoiditis. The postoperative variety in particular. Spine 3:40-44, 1978
3) Benoist M, Ficat C, Baraf P, Cauchoix J:Postoperative lumbar epiduro-arachnoiditis. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Spine 5:432-436, 1980
4) Biering-Sorensen F, Thomsen C:Medical, social and occupational history as risk indicators for low-back trouble in a general population. Spine 11:720-725, 1986
5) Boshuizen HC, Verbeek JH, Broersen JP, Weel AN:Do smokers get more back pain? Spine 18:35-40, 1993
6) Brammah TB, Jayson MI:Syringomyelia as a complication of spinal arachnoiditis. Spine 19:2603-2605, 1994
7) Burton CV, Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Yong-Hing K, Heithoff KB:Causes of failure of surgery on the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 157:191-199, 1981
8) Byrd SE, Cohn ML, Biggers SL, Huntington CT, Locke GE, Charles MF:The radiographic evaluation of the symptomatic postoperative lumbar spine patient. Spine 10:652-661, 1985
9) Carragee EJ:Clinical practice. Persistent low back pain. N Engl J Med 352:1891-1898, 2005
10) Caspar W, Campbell B, Barbier DD, Kretschmmer R, Gotfried Y:The Caspar microsurgical discectomy and comparison with a conventional standard lumbar disc procedure. Neurosurgery 28:78-86;discussion 86-87, 1991
11) Cauchoix J, Ficat C, Girard B:Repeat surgery after disc excision. Spine 3:256-259, 1978
12) Cohen SP:Sacroiliac joint pain:a comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesth Analg 101:1440-1453, 2005
13) Crock HV:Observations on the management of failed spinal operations. J Bone Joint Surg Br 58:193-199, 1976
14) DePalma MJ, Ketchum JM, Saullo TR:Etiology of chronic low back pain in patients having undergone lumbar fusion. Pain Med 12:732-739, 2011
15) de Vernejoul MC, Bielakoff J, Herve M, Gueris J, Hott M, Modrowski D, Kuntz D, Miravet L, Ryckewaert A:Evidence for defective osteoblastic function. A role for alcohol and tobacco consumption in osteoporosis in middle-aged men. Clin Orthop Relat Res 179:107-115, 1983
16) Deyo RA, Bass JE:Lifestyle and low-back pain. The influence of smoking and obesity. Spine 14:501-506, 1989
17) Deyo RA:Diagnostic evaluation of LBP:reaching a specific diagnosis is often impossible. Arch Intern Med 162:1444-1447;discussion 1447-1448, 2002
18) Deyo RA, Nachemson A, Mirza SK:Spinal-fusion surgery-the case for restraint. N Engl J Med 350:722-726, 2004
19) Fager CA, Freidberg SR:Analysis of failures and poor results of lumbar spine surgery. Spine 5:87-94, 1980
20) Fischgrund JS:Perspectives on modern orthopaedics:use of Adcon-L for epidural scar prevention. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 8:339-343, 2000
21) Fritsch EW, Heisel J, Rupp S:The failed back surgery syndrome:reasons, intraoperative findings, and long-term results:a report of 182 operative treatments. Spine 21:626-633, 1996
22) Frymoyer JW, Pope MH, Clements JH, Wilder DG, MacPherson B, Ashikaga T:Risk factors in low-back pain. An epidemiological survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am 65:213-218, 1983
23) Georgy BA, Snow RD, Hesselink JR:MR imaging of spinal nerve roots:techniques, enhancement patterns, and imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166:173-179, 1996
24) Gero B, Sze G, Sharif H:MR imaging of intradural inflammatory diseases of the spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12:1009-1019, 1991
25) Glassman SD, Anagnost SC, Parker A, Burke D, Johnson JR, Dimar JR:The effect of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on spinal fusion. Spine 25:2608-2615, 2000
26) Gupta RK, Gupta S, Kumar S, Kohli A, Misra UK, Gujral RB:MRI in intraspinal tuberculosis. Neuroradiology 36:39-43, 1994
27) Guyer RD, Patterson M, Ohnmeiss DD:Failed back surgery syndrome:diagnostic evaluation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 14:534-543, 2006
28) Ha KY, Lee JS, Kim KW:Degeneration of sacroiliac joint after instrumented lumbar or lumbosacral fusion:a prospective cohort study over five-year follow-up. Spine 33:1192-1198, 2008
29) Hakelius A:Prognosis in sciatica. A clinical follow-up of surgical and non-surgical treatment. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 129:1-76, 1970
30) 花岡一雄(監),五十嵐 孝(編):エピドラスコピー.克誠堂出版,東京,2002
31) Heliövaara M:Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica. Ann Med 21:257-264, 1989
32) Heliövaara M, Mäkelä M, Knekt P, Impivaara O, Aromaa A:Determinants of sciatica and low-back pain. Spine 16:608-614, 1991
33) Herron LD, Trippi AC:L4-5 degenerative spondylolisthesis. The results of treatment by decompressive laminectomy without fusion. Spine 14:534-538, 1989
34) Hinton JL Jr, Warejcka DJ, Mei Y, McLendon RE, Laurencin C, Lucas PA, Robinson JS Jr:Inhibition of epidural scar formation after lumbar laminectomy in the rat. Spine 20:564-570;discussion 579-580, 1995
35) Hollo I, Gergely I, Boross M:Smoking results in calcitonin resistance. JAMA 237:2470, 1977
36) Igarashi A, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Olmarker K:Inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. Spine 29:2091-2095, 2004
37) Igarashi T, Kikuchi S, Shubayev V, Myers RR:2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies:Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. Molecular, histologic, and behavioral comparisons in rats. Spine 25:2975-2980, 2000
38) Irstam L:Differential diagnosis of recurrent lumbar disc herniation and postoperative deformation by myelography. An impossible task. Spine 9:759-763, 1984
39) Johnson CE, Sze G:Benign lumbar arachnoiditis:MR imaging with gadopentetate dimeglumine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155:873-880, 1990
40) 菊池臣一:腰痛.医学書院,東京,2003
41) Lahde S, Puranen J:Disk-space hypodensity in CT:the first radiological sign of postoperative diskitis. Eur J Radiol 5:190-192, 1985
42) Langenskiold A, Kiviluoto O:Prevention of epidural scar formation after operations on the lumbar spine by means of free fat transplants. A preliminary report. Clin Orthop Relat Res 115:92-95, 1976
43) LaRocca H, Macnab I:The laminectomy membrane. Studies in its evolution, characteristics, effects and prophylaxis in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Br 56:545-550, 1974
44) Lehmann TR, LaRocca HS:Repeat lumbar surgery. A review of patients with failure from previous lumbar surgery treated by spinal canal exploration and lumbar spinal fusion. Spine 6:615-619, 1981
45) Levin DA, Hale JJ, Bendo JA:Adjacent segment degeneration following spinal fusion for degenerative disc disease. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 65:29-36, 2007
46) Liliang PC, Lu K, Liang CL, Tsai YD, Wang KW, Chen HJ:Sacroiliac joint pain after lumbar and lumbosacral fusion:findings using dual sacroiliac joint blocks. Pain Med 12:565-570, 2011
47) Long DM:Failed back surgery syndrome. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2:899-919, 1991
48) Marshall LL, Trethewie ER:Chemical irritation of nerve-root in disc prolapse. Lancet 2:320, 1973
49) 松井寿夫,辻 陽雄:腰椎疾患多数回手術例の病態と対処.OS NOW No.7脊柱・骨盤の手術合併症と対策,メジカルビュー社,東京,1992, pp146-155
50) McCarron RF, Wimpee MW, Hudkins PG, Laros GS:The inflammatory effect of nucleus pulposus. A possible element in the pathogenesis of low-back pain. Spine 12:760-764, 1987
51) Munoz A, Hinojosa J, Esparza J:Cisternography and ventriculography gadopentate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging in pediatric patients:preliminary report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:889-894, 2007
52) Neidre A, MacNab I:Anomalies of the lumbosacral nerve roots. Review of 16 cases and classification. Spine 8:294-299, 1983
53) North RB, Campbell JN, James CS, Conover-Walker MK, Wang H, Piantadosi S, Rybock JD, Long DM:Failed back surgery syndrome:5-year follow-up in 102 patients undergoing repeated operation. Neurosurgery 28:685-690;discussion 690-691, 1991
54) 大谷晃司:Failed back syndromeの病態―エピドラスコピーによる評価と限界.日本ペインクリニック学会誌12:59-68, 2005
55) Peng B, Wu W, Li Z, Guo J, Wang X:Chemical radiculitis. Pain 127:11-16, 2007
56) Porter SE, Hanley EN Jr:The musculoskeletal effects of smoking. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 9:9-17, 2001
57) 斉藤 博:下肢の痛み・しびれの鑑別診断.脊椎脊髄7:847-852, 1994
58) Sakuma Y, Ohtori S, Miyagi M, Ishikawa T, Inoue G, Doya H, Koshi T, Ito T, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K, Suzuki M, Moriya H, Takahashi K:Up-regulation of p55 TNF alpha-receptor in dorsal root ganglia neurons following lumbar facet joint injury in rats. Eur Spine J 16:1273-1278, 2007
59) 佐藤栄修,金田清志,飯田尚裕:腰椎手術不成功例の成因,病態と対策.新図説臨床整形外科講座4.胸腰椎,腰椎・仙骨,骨盤,メジカルビュー社,東京, 1995, pp260-288
60) 佐藤勝彦,菊池臣一:脊椎・脊髄疾患に対するリエゾン精神医学的アプローチ(第3報)―腰椎手術成績に関与する精神医学的問題の検討.臨整外34:1145-1150, 2004
61) Seguin CA, Pilliar RM, Roughley PJ, Kandel RA:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates matrix production and catabolism in nucleus pulposus tissue. Spine 30:1940-1948, 2005
62) Sekiguchi M, Kikuchi S, Myers RR:Experimental spinal stenosis:relationship between degree of cauda equina compression, neuropathology, and pain. Spine 29:1105-1111, 2004
63) Sharma A, Goyal M, Mishra NK, Gupta V, Gaikwad SB:MR imaging of tubercular spinal arachnoiditis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:807-812, 1997
64) Slipman CW, Shin CH, Patel RK, Isaac Z, Huston CW, Lipetz JS, Lenrow DA, Braverman DL, Vresilovic EJ Jr:Etiologies of failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Med 3:200-214;discussion 214-217, 2002
65) Sommer C, Schafers M, Marziniak M, Toyka KV:Etanercept reduces hyperalgesia in experimental painful neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 6:67-72, 2001
66) Spangfort EV:The lumbar disc herniation. A computer-aided analysis of 2,504 operations. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 142:1-95, 1972
67) Spengler DM, Freeman C, Westbrook R, Miller JW:Low-back pain following multiple lumbar spine procedures. Failure of initial selection? Spine 5:356-360, 1980
68) Svensson HO, Vedin A, Wilhelmsson C, Andersson GB:Low-back pain in relation to other diseases and cardiovascular risk factors. Spine 8:277-285, 1983
69) Takahashi H, Suguro T, Okazima Y, Motegi M, Okada Y, Kakiuchi T:Inflammatory cytokines in the herniated disc of the lumbar spine. Spine 21:218-224, 1996
70) Tali ET, Ercan N, Krumina G, Rudwan M, Mironov A, Zeng QY, Jinkins JR:Intrathecal gadolinium(gadopentetate dimeglumine)enhanced magnetic resonance myelography and cisternography:results of a multicenter study. Invest Radiol 37:152-159, 2002
71) Taylor VM, Deyo RA, Goldberg H, Ciol M, Kreuter W, Spunt B:Low back pain hospitalization in Washington State:recent trends and geographic variations. J Spinal Disord 8:1-7, 1995
72) Thalgott JS, Cotler HB, Sasso RC, LaRocca H, Gardner V:Postoperative infections in spinal implants. Classification and analysis--a multicenter study. Spine 16:981-984, 1991
73) Tullberg T, Isacson J, Weidenhielm L:Does microscopic removal of lumbar disc herniation lead to better results than the standard procedure? Results of a one-year randomized study. Spine 18:24-27, 1993
74) Turner JA, Ersek M, Herron L, Deyo R:Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. Attempted meta-analysis of the literature. Spine 17:1-8, 1992
75) Weir BK, Jacobs GA:Reoperation rate following lumbar discectomy. An analysis of 662 lumbar discectomies. Spine 5:366-370, 1980
76) Wiltse LL, Rocchio PD:Preoperative psychological tests as predictors of success of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of the low-back syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57:478-483, 1975
77) Yong-Hing K, Reilly J, de Korompay V, Kirkaldy-Willis WH:Prevention of nerve root adhesions after laminectomy. Spine 5:59-64, 1980

掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-1251

印刷版ISSN:0301-2603

雑誌購入ページに移動
icon up
あなたは医療従事者ですか?