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雑誌文献

Neurological Surgery 脳神経外科42巻3号

2014年03月発行

文献概要

総説

神経集中治療における頭蓋内圧モニターの有用性,revisit

著者: 末廣栄一1 鈴木倫保1

所属機関: 1山口大学医学部脳神経外科

ページ範囲:P.195 - P.204

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Ⅰ.はじめに

 重症疾患における集中治療では,心電図や観血的連続血圧測定,経皮的動脈血酸素飽和度など各種モニタリングを行っている.重症であればあるほど,病態は変化に富み,その変化に適宜対応して治療を行う必要がある.さて,神経集中治療では,どのように頭蓋内環境をモニタリングしているのであろうか? 神経集中治療の目的は,一次性脳損傷後に起こる脳血流や脳代謝の異常をできるだけ抑制し,二次性脳損傷を防ぎ患者の予後改善に努めることである.そのため,神経集中治療における脳・神経モニタリングは,脳血流や脳代謝の異常を迅速に検出し,的確な対応を導き出さねばならない.重症頭部外傷治療・管理のガイドライン30)では,脳・神経モニタリングとして電気生理学的モニタリング(脳波,誘発電位など)や,頭蓋内圧,脳血流モニタリング(laser Doppler flowmetry,経頭蓋超音波ドップラーなど),頚静脈球酸素飽和度などを挙げている.脳神経外科領域においては,脳梗塞や脳出血,頭部外傷などさまざまな病態に対して治療を行っているが,すべての病態で共通している治療目的は脳循環を維持することである.脳循環を把握するためにさまざまなモニタリングが考案されているが,その中の1つとして頭蓋内圧モニターが挙げられる.これは,頭蓋内圧と全身血圧を用いて脳灌流圧を算出し,脳循環を間接的にモニタリングする手法であるが,日本における頭蓋内圧モニターの施行率は低い.米国での重症頭部外傷における頭蓋内圧モニターの施行率が78%(2005年時点)であるのに対して3,16),日本頭部外傷データバンク(プロジェクト2009)からの報告では,日本の重症頭部外傷における頭蓋内圧モニターの施行率は31.9%にすぎなかった12).日本での施行率の低さの原因としては,マンパワーの不足やコストパフォーマンスの悪さが指摘されている37).さらには,頭蓋内圧モニターの活用による有効性を示すエビデンスの不足も,日本において頭蓋内圧モニターが普及しない1つの要因ではないかと思われる37)

 本稿では,頭蓋内圧の病態生理を解説した上で,実際の頭蓋内圧の測定法や活用法を紹介する.最後に頭蓋内圧モニターに関するエビデンスを解説し,神経集中治療における頭蓋内圧モニターの意義について再考する.

参考文献

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-1251

印刷版ISSN:0301-2603

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