icon fsr

文献詳細

雑誌文献

Neurological Surgery 脳神経外科43巻9号

2015年09月発行

文献概要

総説

脳機能とfiber tract—神経路の可視化について

著者: 松澤等1 中田力1 藤井幸彦2

所属機関: 1新潟大学脳研究所統合脳機能研究センター 2新潟大学脳研究所脳神経外科学分野

ページ範囲:P.787 - P.801

文献購入ページに移動
Ⅰ.はじめに
 新しいMRI技術の脳神経外科領域への臨床応用は目を見張るものがある.特に,最新のfunctional MRI(fMRI)とdiffusion MRI(dMRI)の結果を,それぞれ「脳機能(脳皮質機能)」,「神経路」として可視化した画像は見る者に大きなインパクトを与える.
 Fig.1は,当施設の3テスラMRI装置で撮像した,言語タスクによるfMRIの賦活領域(青が運動性言語野,緑が感覚性言語野)と,dMRIを用いてその間をつなぐ「神経路」をオレンジ色で可視化したものである.これが“脳機能と神経路”であると言ってしまうのは簡単であるが,この“絵”をどこまで信じてよいのであろうか? 特に,この画像のend-userとしての臨床医にとって,その可視化の機序をできる限り理解しておくことは大変重要であり,真に臨床に役立つ画像になるよう臨床の現場から逆にfeedbackをかけるのが臨床医の役割と考えている.そこで,本稿では特に,「神経路の可視化」の方法についてその理論を紹介し,理解の一助となることを目指す.
 理解のために,数多ある「神経路(fiber tract)の可視化」の方法を系統的に分類できればよいのであるが,例えば,deterministicな方法論とprobabilisticな方法論に分けるとか,streamlineを描画する手法とpath probabilityのマッピングに分けるとか,数学的モデルに強く依存(dependent)しているかいないか(independent)で分けるなどの分類は,いずれの軸も互いに独立していれば大変わかりやすい整理分類ができるのであるが,残念ながらいずれの項目も互いに入り組んだ関係にあり,話は複雑である.
 そこで本稿では,われわれ臨床医が可視化の機序を理解するために論文を読み進めるにあたり重要と思われるいくつかのキーワードを挙げた.
・歴史的概略
・Pipelineについて
・2階テンソルによる拡散現象の記述とその限界
・球面調和関数の導入
・Bayes統計の導入
・「一意に決める」のか,「確率密度関数」で表現するのか
・拡散の等方成分と不等方成分の取り扱い
 これらについて逐次説明を加え,結果として少しでもこの領域の見通しがよくなり,方法論についての原著論文を理解するための手助けになることを目的とする.なお,本稿ではdMRIで描出される「fiber tract」は「神経路」を反映しているものとして解説する.

参考文献

1) Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D:MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J 66:259-267, 1994
2) Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D:Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson B 103:247-254, 1994
3) Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C:Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B 111:209-219, 1996
4) Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Nunes RG, Clare S, Matthews PM, Brady JM, Smith SM:Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 50:1077-1088, 2003
5) Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Woolrich MW, Smith SM, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Boulby PA, Barker GJ, Sillery EL, Sheehan K, Ciccarelli O, Thompson AJ, Brady JM, Matthews PM:Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat Neurosci 6:750-757, 2003
6) Behrens TE, Berg HJ, Jbabdi S, Rushworth MF, Woolrich MW:Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations:What can we gain? Neuroimage 34:144-155, 2007
7) Conturo TE, Lori NF, Cull TS, Akbudak E, Snyder AZ, Shimony JS, McKinstry RC, Burton H, Raichle ME:Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:10422-10427, 1999
8) Farquharson S, Tournier JD, Calamante F, Fabinyi G, Schneider-Kolsky M, Jackson GD, Connelly A:White matter fiber tractography:why we need to move beyond DTI. J Neurosurg 118:1367-1377, 2013
9) Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, Wedeen VJ, Sporns O:Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 6:e159, 2008
10) Igarashi H, Katayama Y, Tsuganezawa T, Yamamuro M, Terashi A, Owan C:Three-dimensional anisotropy contrast(3DAC)magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain:application to assess Wallerian degeneration. Intern Med 37:662-668, 1998
11) Jeurissen B, Leemans A, Tournier JD, Jones DK, Sijbers J:Investigating the prevalence of complex fiber configurations in white matter tissue with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 34:2747-2766, 2013
12) Johansen-Berg H, Behrens TE, Sillery E, Ciccarelli O, Thompson AJ, Smith SM, Matthews PM:Functional-anatomical validation and individual variation of diffusion tractography-based segmentation of the human thalamus. Cereb Cortex 15:31-39, 2005
13) Jones DK, Horsfield MA, Simmons A:Optimal strategies for measuring diffusion in anisotropic systems by magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:515-525, 1999
14) Jones DK, Cercignani M:Twenty-five pitfalls in the analysis of diffusion MRI data. NMR Biomed 23:803-820, 2010
15) Jones DK, Knösche TR, Turner R:White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies:the do's and don'ts of diffusion MRI. Neuroimage 73:239-254, 2013
16) Koch MA, Norris DG, Hund-Georgiadis M:An investigation of functional and anatomical connectivity using magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 16:241-250, 2002
17) Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M:MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions:application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 161:401-407, 1986
18) Le Bihan D, Johansen-Berg H:Diffusion MRI at 25:exploring brain tissue structure and function. Neuroimage 61:324-341, 2012
19) Masutani Y, Aoki S, Abe O, Hayashi N, Otomo K:MR diffusion tensor imaging:recent advance and new techniques for diffusion tensor visualization. Eur J Radiol 46:53-66, 2003
20) Mori S, Crain BJ, Chacko VP, van Zijl PC:Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 45:265-269, 1999
21) Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Kucharczyk J, Mintorovitch J, Asgari HS, Wendland MF, Tsuruda J, Norman D:Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central nervous system. Radiology 176:439-445, 1990
22) Nakada T, Matsuzawa H, Kwee IL:Magnetic resonance axonography of the rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 5:2053-2056, 1994
23) Nakada T, Nakayama N, Fujii Y, Kwee IL:Clinical application of three-dimensional anisotropy contrast magnetic resonance axonography. Technical note. J Neurosurg 90:791-795, 1999
24) Nakada T, Matsuzawa H, Fujii Y, Takahashi H, Nishizawa M, Kwee IL:Three-dimensional anisotropy contrast periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction(3DAC PROPELLER)on a 3.0T system:a new modality for routine clinical neuroimaging. J Neuroimaging 16:206-211, 2006
25) 中田 力,松澤 等,鈴木清隆(共著):磁気共鳴画像学,日本医事新報社,東京,2012,pp123-146
26) Nishikawa T, Okamoto K, Matsuzawa H, Terumitsu M, Nakada T, Fujii Y:Detectability of neural tracts and nuclei in the brainstem utilizing 3DAC-PROPELLER. J Neuroimaging 24:238-244, 2014
27) O'Donnell LJ, Pasternak O:Does diffusion MRI tell us anything about the white matter? An overview of methods and pitfalls. Schizophr Res 161:133-141, 2015
28) Parker CS, Deligianni F, Cardoso MJ, Daga P, Modat M, Dayan M, Clark CA, Ourselin S, Clayden JD:Consensus between pipelines in structural brain networks. PLoS One 9:e111262, 2014
29) Pipe JG:Motion correction with PROPELLER MRI:application to head motion and free-breathing cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:963-969, 1999
30) Potgieser AR, Wagemakers M, van Hulzen AL, de Jong BM, Hoving EW, Groen RJ:The role of diffusion tensor imaging in brain tumor surgery:a review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 124:51-58, 2014
31) Sporns O, Tononi G, Kötter R:The human connectome:a structural description of the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol 1:e42, 2005
32) Stejskal EO, Tanner JE:Spin diffusion measurements:spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 42:288-292, 1965
33) Terajima K, Nakada T:EZ-tracing:a new ready-to-use algorithm for magnetic resonance tractography. J Neurosci Methods 116:147-155, 2002
34) Tournier JD, Calamante F, Gadian DG, Connelly A:Direct estimation of the fiber orientation density function from diffusion-weighted MRI data using spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage 23:1176-1185, 2004
35) Tournier JD, Calamante F, Connelly A:Robust determination of the fibre orientation distribution in diffusion MRI:non-negativity constrained super-resolved spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage 35:1459-1472, 2007
36) Tuch DS:Q-ball imaging. Magn Reson Med 52:1358-1372, 2004
37) Urakawa T, Matsuzawa H, Suzuki Y, Endo N, Kwee IL, Nakada T:Analysis of ascending spinal tract degeneration in cervical spondylotic myelopathy using 3D anisotropy contrast single-shot echo planar imaging on a 3.0-T system. J Neurosurg Spine 15:648-653, 2011
38) Wedeen VJ, Hagmann P, Tseng WY, Reese TG, Weisskoff RM:Mapping complex tissue architecture with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 54:1377-1386, 2005
39) Yoneoka Y, Watanabe N, Matsuzawa H, Tsumanuma I, Ueki S, Nakada T, Fujii Y:Preoperative depiction of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenoma using three-dimensional anisotropy contrast periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction imaging on a 3-tesla system. J Neurosurg 108:37-41, 2008

掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-1251

印刷版ISSN:0301-2603

雑誌購入ページに移動
icon up
あなたは医療従事者ですか?