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Neurological Surgery 脳神経外科45巻12号

2017年12月発行

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連載 脳神経外科診療に役立つPETによる診断法

(5)認知症診断におけるPET分子イメージングの応用

著者: 石井賢二1

所属機関: 1東京都健康長寿医療センター研究所神経画像研究チーム

ページ範囲:P.1109 - P.1119

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Ⅰ.はじめに
 認知症は高齢者の自立した生活を妨げる最大の要因である.現在世界では約5,000万人の認知症患者が存在すると推定されているが,なお3秒に1人の割合で増加している.西暦2050年までには世界の認知症患者数は1,300万人に達し,その約7割は中低所得国に分布すると考えられ,重い経済的負担が予測されている21).認知症の治療・予防法の確立は喫緊の課題であり,早期診断,早期介入の先制医療の実現が望まれている.
 認知症を臨床的に診断し,対症的な治療と介護を行い,最終的に病理学的に診断を確定する,という従来のアプローチから,早期診断あるいは発症予測に基づいた進行遅延,さらには発症予防へとシフトするためには,病態の存在や進行度をバイオマーカーによって客観的に捉え,診断根拠を補強する必要があり,positron emission tomography(PET)による分子イメージングはmagnetic resonance imaging(MRI)とともに主要な役割が期待されている.
 認知症の背景疾患は多数あるが,その過半数はアルツハイマー病(Alzheimer's disease:AD)である.変性性認知症としては,レビー小体型認知症(dementia with Lewy bodies:DLB),前頭側頭型認知症(frontotemporal dementia:FTD),進行性核上性麻痺(progressive supranuclear palsy:PSP),大脳皮質基底核症候群(corticobasal syndrome:CBS)などがそれに続く.近年,これらの疾患の診断基準に分子イメージングが取り入れられてきた1-3,11,15,31,32,43,50).PET分子イメージングの中でも,[18F]FDGによる脳ブドウ糖代謝評価とアミロイドイメージングは実用的な認知症診断技術としての有用性が確立しているが,保険収載は行われておらず,日常診療への普及は限定的である.しかし,今後,認知症に対する疾患修飾薬の実用化とともに,診療に不可欠な画像診断になると予想される.また,近年実用化研究が急速に進んだタウイメージングや,神経炎症におけるミクログリアの活性亢進を反映する18-kDa translocator protein(TSPO)を標的としたPET診断,レビー小体の構成成分であるαシヌクレイン(αSN)を標的としたPET診断の実用化も望まれている.本稿では,これらのPET分子イメージングの認知症診断における位置づけ,特徴と限界,今後の展望について述べる.

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