1)National Comprehensive Cancer Network:NCCN clinical practice guideline in oncology. Anal carcinoma vol. 2. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2013
2)大腸癌研究会(編):大腸癌取扱い規約.第7版補訂版.金原出版,2009
3)Tanaka E, Noguchi T, Nagai K, et al:Morphology of the epithelium of the lower rectum and the anal canal in the adult human. Med Mol Morphol 45:72-79, 2012
4)隅越幸男:肛門癌に関するアンケート調査報告.日本大腸肛門病会誌35:92-97, 1982
5)鮫島伸一,澤田俊夫,長廻 紘:本邦における肛門扁平上皮癌,痔瘻癌の現況.第59回大腸癌研究会アンケート調査報告.日本大腸肛門病会誌58:415-421, 2005
6)Yamada K, Ogata S, Saiki Y, et al:Long-term results of intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 52:1065-1071, 2009
7)Sugihara K, Kobayashi H, Kato T, et al:Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1663-1672, 2006
8)隅越幸男,岡田光生,岩垂純一,他:痔瘻癌.日本大腸肛門病会誌34:467-472, 1981
9)Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C(eds):TNM classification of malignant tumours, 7th ed. New York, Wiley-Liss, 2009