1) Eriksen EF, Colvard DS, Berg NJ, et al : Evidence of estrogen receptors in normal human osteoblast─like cells. Science 241 : 84─86, 1988
2) Ernst M, Heath JK, Rodan GA : Estradiol effects on proliferation, messenger ribonucleic acid for collagen and insulin─like frowth factor─I, and parathyroid hormone─stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblastic cells from calvariae and long bones. Endocrinology 125 : 825─833, 1989
3) Pensler JM, Randosevich JA, Higbee R, et al : Osteoclasts isolated from membranous bone in children exhibit nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptors. J Bone Miner Res 5 : 797─802, 1990
4) Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al : Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women : principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randamized controlled trial. JAMA 288 : 321─333, 2002
5) Beral V : Million Women Study Collaborators : Breast cancer and hormone─replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362 : 419─427, 2003
6) Kauffman RF,Bryant HU : Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Drug News and Perspectives 8 : 531─539, 1995
7) McDonnell DP, Clemm DL, Herman T, et al : Analysis of estrogen receptor function in vitro revealed three distinct classes of antiesrogen. Mol Endocrinology 9 : 659─669, 1995
8) Berry M, Metzger D, Chambon P : Role of the two activating domains of the estrogen receptor in the cell type and promotor─contex dependent agonistic activity of the anti─oestrogen 4─hydroxytamoxifene. EMBO J 9 : 2811─2818, 1990
9) Marttunen MB, Hietanen P, Tiitinen A, et al : Comparison of tamoxifen and tremifene on bone biochemistry and bone mineral density in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 : 1158─1162, 1998
10) Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group : Tamoxifen for early breast cancer : an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet 351 : 1451─1467, 1998
11) Fisher B, Constantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al : Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer : report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P─1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 : 1371─1388, 1998
12) Cauley JA, Norton L, Lippman ME, et al : Continued breast cancer risk reduction in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene : 4─years results from the MORE trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 65 : 125─134, 2001
13) Goldstein SR, Scheele WJ, Rajagopalaln SK, et al : A 12─month comparative study of raloxifene, estrogen, and placebo on the postmenopausal endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 95 : 95─103, 2000
14) Davies GC, Huster WJ, Lu Y, et al : Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Obstet Gynecol 93 : 558─565, 1999
15) Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al : Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene : results from a 3─year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation(MORE)Investigators. JAMA 282 : 637─645, 1999
16) Lufkin EG, Wong M, Deal C : The role of selective estrogen receptor modulators in the prevention and reatment of osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 27 : 163─185, 2001
17) Barrett─Connor E, Grady D, Sashegyi A, et al : Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women : four─year results from the MORE(Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation)randomized trial. JAMA 287 : 847─857, 2002
18) 太田博明 : SERMの意味するもの─意義と目的.SERM 1 : 20─35, 2005