臨床検査49巻7号

2005年07月発行

今月の主題 アレルギー疾患の現況と今後の展望 話題

好酸球のアレルギー性炎症における役割の見直し

著者： 茆原順一¹

所属機関： ¹秋田大学医学部臨床検査医学

ページ範囲：P.773 - P.779

1. はじめに

　好酸球はErhlichによる発見以来，ヒスタミン中和酵素などを含有し，炎症局所でlate phaseに出現することからアレルギー・炎症反応に抑制的に働くと考えられていた．その後，1980年代に入り，生化学を中心とした爆発的学問的発展により好酸球を特徴づけている顆粒蛋白が強力な細胞障害作用をもつことが明らかになり，好酸球はアレルギー・炎症反応を促進・惹起する火つけ役と考えられるようになった(図1)．さらに1970年代までⅠ型アレルギーによる即時型反応と理解されていた気管支喘息の病態は，1980年代に好酸球を中心とする炎症細胞の選択的集簇を伴う気道の慢性炎症であるとのコンセンサスを得て，以来アレルギーの研究と治療は飛躍的な進歩を遂げた¹⁾．近年ではTh1/Th2細胞の概念が提唱され，Th2細胞から産生されるサイトカインに加え，ケモカインや接着分子の様々な作用が明らかになってきている．これらの分子が密接にかかわり合いながら活性化され，局所に遊走した好酸球は，最終的に顆粒蛋白，活性酸素などを放出し，気道上皮剥離など組織傷害性に作用する．また，脂質メディエーターも産生することで一連のアレルギー性気道炎症という病態が形成される．

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