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臨床検査50巻2号

2006年02月発行

文献概要

今月の主題 花粉症克服への展望 話題

花粉症に対する新しい治療法

著者: 藤枝重治1

所属機関: 1福井大学医学部感覚運動医学講座耳鼻咽喉科・頭頸部外科学

ページ範囲:P.194 - P.202

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1.はじめに

 現在の花粉症治療は,内服薬物療法,局所療法,免疫療法,手術療法である.内服薬としては,第2世代の抗ヒスタミン薬を中心に,抗ロイコトリエン受容体拮抗薬,抗トロンボキサンA2受容体拮抗薬,サイトカイン産生抑制薬が使用される.局所療法としては,鼻噴霧用ステロイド薬と抗ヒスタミン薬が使用される.免疫療法としては,抗原特異的減感作療法が代表的であるが,手術療法とともに本稿の前にその詳細が記載されていることと思う.本稿では,まだ一般に使用されていない治療法で,既に臨床治験が終了しているもの,施行中のもの,動物実験中のものについて紹介する.最新の治療薬は,原則として1)新規化合物,2)リコンビナントなヒト化抗体,3)オリゴヌクレオチドなどの遺伝子(RNA,DNA)となっている.

 通常ヒトの蛋白質に対する抗体は,マウスで作られる.このマウスの抗体をヒトに投与すると必ずアナフィラキシーショックを起こす.そこで,マウス免疫グロブリン(抗体)の抗原を認識する抗原認識部位(Fab部位)とヒト免疫グロブリンのヒンジ部分とFc部分を結合させた.これがキメラ抗体である.またヒトのFab部位にマウス抗体の抗原を認識する部分を散りばめたものが,ヒト化抗体である.この2つのタイプの抗体は,ヒトに投与してもアナフィラキシーショックを起こさないので,治療薬として使用されている.

 オリゴヌクレオチドとしては,最も簡単なのがアンチセンスオリゴである.これは一本鎖約20塩基前後のRNAであり,目的とする遺伝子の蛋白合成を阻害する.簡単に効果を発現できるが,特異性や効果時間の点で問題がある.それをさらに進歩させたのが,RNA干渉である.多くは,small interfering RNA(siRNA)として2本鎖であり,いろいろな化学物質をつけたり,形態を短いヘヤピン状にすることで効率上昇と長期間の効果が得られる.ウイルスベクターに組み込ませたりすることより,いろいろな分子標的治療も生まれている.それ以外に,後述する合成の短鎖DNAが存在する.

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-1367

印刷版ISSN:0485-1420

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