1) American Cancer Society:Cancer Facts & Figures 2009 http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/STT_0.asp(2009年9月1日参照)
2) 日本泌尿器科学会(編):前立腺癌診療ガイドライン2006年版.金原出版,2006
3) Feldman BJ, Feldman D:The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 1:34-45, 2001
4) Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al:Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 351:1513-1520, 2004
5) Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al:Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 351:1502-1512, 2004
6) Frankel DM, Smith DG, Donovan J, et al:Screening for prostate cancer. Lancet 361:1122-1128, 2003
7) Tomlins AS, Rhodes RD, Perner S, et al:Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science 310:644-648, 2005
8) Tomlins AS, Laxman B, Dhanasekaran MS, et al:Distinct classes of chromosome rearrangements create oncogenic ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nature 448:595-601, 2007
9) Kumar-Sinha C, Tomlins AS, Chinnaiyan MA:Recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nature Rev Cancer 8:497-511, 2008
10) Klezovitch O, Risk M, Coleman I, et al:A casual role for ERG in neoplastic transformation of prostate epithelium. PNAS 105:2105-2110, 2008
11) Tomlins AS, Laxman B, Varambally S, et al:Role of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer. Neoplasia 10:177-188, 2008
12) Barry M, Perner S, Demichells F, et al:TMPRSS2-ERG fusion heterogeneity in multifocal prostate cancer:clinical and biologic implications. Urology 70:630-633, 2007
13) Mehra R, Tomlins AS, Yu J, et al:Characterization of TMPRSS2-ETS gene aberrations in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Res 68:3584-3590, 2008
14) Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, et al:PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275:1943-1947, 1997
15) Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, et al:Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet 16:64-67, 1997
16) Steck PA, Pershouse MA, Jasser SA, et al:Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat Genet 15:356-362, 1997
17) Stambolic V, Suzuki A, de la Pompa JL, et al:Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell 95:29-39, 1998
18) Suzuki H, Freije D, Nusskern DR, et al:Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Cancer Res 58:204-209, 1998
19) Wang S, Gao J, Lei Q, et al:Prostate-specific deletion of the murine Pten tumor suppressor gene leads to metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 4:209-221 2003
20) Shimizu Y, Segawa T, Inoue T, et al:Increased Akt and phosphorylated Akt expression are associated with malignant biological features of prostate cancer in Japanese men. BJU Int 100:685-690, 2007
21) Ayala G, Thompson T, Yang G, et al:High levels of phosphorylated form of Akt-1 in prostate cancer and non-neoplastic prostate tissues are strong predictors of biochemical recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 10:6572-6578, 2004
22) Kreisberg JI, Malik SN, Prihoda TJ, et al:Phosphorylation of Akt(Ser473)is an excellent predictor of poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 64:5232-5236, 2004
23) Inoue T, Kobayashi T, Terada N, et al:Roles of androgen-dependent and-independent activation of signal transduction pathways for cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 5:689-704, 2007
24) Majumder PK, Febbo PG, Bikoff R, et al:mTOR inhibition reverses Akt-dependent prostate intraepithelial neoplasia through regulation of apoptotic and HIF-1-dependent pathways. Nat Med 10:594-601, 2004
25) Nardella C, Chen Z, Salmena L, et al:Aberrant Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation and Pten haplosufficiency are cooperative oncogenic events. Gene Dev 22:2172-2177, 2009
26) Guertin D, Stevens MD, Saitoh M, et al:mTOR complex 2 is required for the development of prostate cancer induced by Pten loss in mice. Cancer Cell:15:148-159, 2009.
27) Inoue T, Yoshida T, Shimizu Y, et al:Requirement of androgen-dependent activation of protein kinase Czeta for androgen-dependent cell proliferation in LNCaP Cells and its roles in transition to androgen-independent cells. Mol Endocrinol 20:3053-3069, 2006
28) Fernandez-Marcos JP, Abu-Baker S, Joshi J, et al:Simultaneous inactivation of Par-4 and PTEN in vivo leads to synergistic NF-κB activation and invasive prostate cancer. PNAS 106:12962-12967, 2009
29) Gregory CW, Johnson RT Jr, Mohler JL, et al:Androgen receptor stabilization in recurrent prostate cancer is associated with hypersensitivity to low androgen. Cancer Res 61:2892-2898, 2001
30) Agoulnik IU, Vaid A, Nakka M, et al:Androgen modulate expression of transcription intermediary factor 2, an androgen receptor coactivator whose expression level correlates with early biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 66:10594-10602, 2006
31) Guo Z, Dai B, Jiang T, et al:Regulation of androgen receptor activity by tyrosine phosphorylation. Cancer Cell 10:309-319, 2006
32) Mahajan NP, Liu Y, Majumder S, et al:Activated Cdc42-associated kinase Ack1 promotes prostate cancer progression via androgen receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. PNAS 104:8438-8443, 2007
33) Mohler JL, Gregory CW, Ford OH 3rd, et al:The androgen axis in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 10:440-448, 2004
34) Titus MA, Schell MJ, Lih FB, et al:Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone tissue levels in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11:4653-4657, 2005
35) Stanbrough M, Bubley JG, Ross K, et al:Increased Expression of Genes Converting Adrenal Androgens to Testosterone in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cancer Res 66:2815-2825, 2006
36) Montgomery BR, Mostaghel AE, Vessella R, et al:Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer:a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res 68:4447-4454, 2008
37) Locke AJ, Guns SE, Lubik AA, et al:Androgen Levels Increase by Intratumoral De novo Steroidogenesis during Progression of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 68:6407-6415, 2008
38) Attard G, Reid HM A, Yap AT, et al:Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. J Clin Oncol 26:4563-4571, 2008
39) Leong GK, Wang BE, Johnson L, et al:Generation of a prostate from a single adult stem cell. Nature 456:804-810, 2008
40) Maitland JN, Collins TA:Prostate cancer stem cell:a new target therapy. J Clin Oncol 26:2862-2870, 2008
41) Nelson GW, de Marzo MA, Yegnasubramanian S:Minireview:epigenetic alterations in human prostate cancers. Endocrinology 150:3991-4002, 2009
42) Witte SJ:Prostate cancer genomics:towards a new understanding. Nat Rev Genetics 10:77-82, 2009