1)McFarland LV, Beneda HW, Clarrige JE, et al:Implication of the changing face of Clostridium difficile disease for health care practitioners. Am J Infect Control 35:237-253,2007
2)Johnson S, Gerding DN:Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 26:1027-1036,1998
3)Voth DE, Ballard JD:Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:247-263,2005
4)Dineen SP, Bailey SH, Pham TH, et al:Clostridium difficile enteritis : A report of two cases and systematic literature review. World J Gastrointest Surg 5:37-42,2013
5)Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al:Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Eng J Med 342:390-397,2000
6)Savidge, TC, Pan, WH, Newman P, et al:Clostridium difficile toxin B is an inflammatory enterotoxin in human intestine. Gastroenterology 125:413-420,2003
7)佐藤洋子,加藤はる,小岩井健司,他:がんセンターにおけるtoxinA陰性toxinB陽性Clostridium difficileによる下痢症の院内集団発生.感染症学雑誌 78:312-319,2004
8)Kin H , Riley TV, Kim M, et al:Increasing prevalence of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates of Clostridium difficile in Korea : impact on laboratory diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 46:1116-1117,2008
9)Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, et al:Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000626,2009
10)Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD, et al:The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:529-549,2010
11)Sawabe E, Kato H, Osawa K, et al:Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile at a university teaching hospital in Japan: a shift in the predominant type over a five-year period. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26:695-703,2007
12)Rousseau C, Lemee L, LeMonnier A, et al:Prevalence and diversity of Clostridium difficile strains in infants. J Med Microbiol 60:1112-1118,2011
13)Kato H, Kita H, Karasawa T, et al:Colonization and transmission of Clostridium difficile in healthy individuals examined by PCR ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Med Microbiol 50:720-727,2001
14)Khanna S, Pardi DS, Aronson SL, et al:The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: A population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 107:89-95,2012
15)Rupnik M:Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 13:457-459,2007
16)Rodriguez-Palacios A, Stampfli HR, Duffield T, et al:Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in calves. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1730-1736,2006