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早期精神病の早期介入に向けた新たなアプローチ―アットリスク精神状態/前駆期を中心に

著者: 松本和紀1

所属機関: 1東北大学病院精神科

ページ範囲:P.342 - P.353

はじめに

 一般の医学分野と同様に精神医学においても予防医学的観点から早期介入を実施する重要性が説かれているが37,47),統合失調症をはじめとした精神病性障害に対して,初回精神病エピソードの前後を挟んだ時期を早期精神病という枠組みでとらえ,これに適切な早期介入を行うことでその予後を改善しようという試みが国際的な広がりを見せている。

 国際早期精神病協会(International Early Psychosis Association)のガイドラインによると27),早期精神病は,前精神病期(prepsychotic period),初回精神病エピソード(first episode of psychosis),回復/臨界期(recovery and the critical period)の3つの時期から構成されている。前精神病期はさらに病前期と前駆期に分けられ,回復/臨界期は,初回エピソード後6~18か月の回復期と発症後の5年間の臨界期に分けられている。この発症前後の数年間は,精神病エピソードを経験した若者の人生にとって心理社会的にも重要な時期であり,この脆弱な時期に起こり得る生物,心理,社会的悪化を防ぐための早期介入の重要性が訴えられている6,7)

 オーストラリア・メルボルンの早期精神病予防・介入センター(Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre;EPPIC)に設立された個人アセスメントおよび危機評価(Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation;PACE)クリニックでは,前駆期を標的とした新たな早期介入アプローチが開発され,1990年代半ばから精神病性障害に発展するリスクの高い人々に対する先駆的な臨床サービスと研究調査を行っている16,62)。後述するように,PACEクリニックでのアプローチはその後実証的に検討され,国際早期精神病協会のガイドライン27)に採り入れられるなど広く受け入れられており,現在の早期精神病に対するアプローチの牽引力となっている16)。この概念に基づいた精神病発症リスク群に対する取り組みや研究は,現在世界各国で盛んに行われ活発な議論が行われているが,これに対応した活動は本邦においてはまだ散見されるのみで,十分な紹介や議論がなされていないのが現状と思われる。そこで本論では,早期精神病の前駆期に対する新たな早期介入アプローチについての紹介と展望を行い,今後の議論と実践の足がかりにしたいと考える注1)

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出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-126X

印刷版ISSN:0488-1281

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