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複雑性悲嘆(CG)の診断基準化に向けた動向

著者: 瀬藤乃理子12 丸山総一郎3 加藤寛4

所属機関: 1甲南女子大学看護リハビリテーション学部 2神戸大学大学院保健学研究科 3神戸親和女子大学大学院精神医学研究室 4兵庫県こころのケアセンター

ページ範囲:P.1119 - P.1133

はじめに

 死別の悲嘆に関する研究は大きな変革期を迎えている。特にここ10数年は,Freudから始まった精神分析的な見解が影をひそめ,実証的な研究が多く報告されるようになった75)。そのような悲嘆研究の流れの中で,現在,欧米で最も注目されていることは,「複雑性悲嘆(complicated grief;CG)が,次のアメリカの精神疾患診断基準DSM-Ⅴに入れ込まれるか」という点である。

 死別の喪失からの回復過程に現れる症状の多くは「正常反応」であることが知られており,大部分の人たちは自然な形で悲しみ,喪失に適応していく。その意味では,死別反応の大部分は疾患として取り扱うべきではない。しかし,一部は重い精神症状や社会的機能の低下などを引き起こす64)。現行のDSM-Ⅳ-TRにおいては,死別反応はVコード(DSMに定義された精神疾患ではないが,臨床関与の対象となることのある他の状態)にあり,死別後2か月過ぎても重い抑うつが継続する場合には,「大うつ病」として診断してもよいとされている。一方,死別後にPTSD(posttraumatic stress disorder)に類似した症状がみられる場合があることから,臨床場面ではPTSDと診断される場合もある。パニック障害などの不安障害の徴候がみられることもあり,複雑性悲嘆(以下,CGと略す)の病態は,診断上,これまではさまざまな疾患名の中に包含されてきた62)。しかし,現在は第一線で活躍する多くの悲嘆研究者が,「CGは抑うつやPTSDなどを併存する(comorbidity)ことはあっても,本質的には異なるものである」と明言している16,59)

 CGの診断基準化にあたっては,次の3つの事柄を慎重に検討する必要がある。1つは,CGは本当に精神疾患として認められるものか。2つ目は,疾患分類学(diagnostic taxonomy)的にCGは類似した他の精神疾患と独立したものとして扱えるのか。3つ目は,提案される診断基準はCGを診断するのに妥当で信頼性のあるものか,という点である。これらの検討課題をクリアするためには,CGの実体や概念を明らかにする必要があり,診断基準化を目指す欧米の悲嘆研究者たちは,DSM-Ⅴに向けて実証研究を積み重ねている。

 本稿では,この3つの検討課題について現在までに欧米で示されてきた研究や見解を整理し,診断基準化に向けた議論と,CGの診断に関連する今後の課題について述べる。

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