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雑誌文献

精神医学52巻4号

2010年04月発行

文献概要

特集 内因性精神疾患の死後脳研究

統合失調症に組織病理学的異常はあるか

著者: 入谷修司1

所属機関: 1名古屋大学大学院医学系研究科発達老年精神医学

ページ範囲:P.329 - P.339

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はじめに

 W. Griesinger(1817-1868)は精神疾患の病因を当時の心因論的解釈と生物学的解釈とを明確化して,自然科学に根ざした精神医学をめざし「精神病は脳病である」“Geisteskrankheiten sind Gehirnkrankheiten”という有名なテーゼを残した。この後,ドイツを中心に脳病理研究は大きく発展する。統合失調症の疾病概念を提唱したE. Kraepelin(1856-1926)もそれに強い影響を受け,統合失調症の脳になんらかの器質的異常があることを想起し,その弟子のA. Alzheimer(1964-1915)らの神経病理学の先駆者たちも熱心に精神病に脳器質的病因を追求した。しかしながら,疾患特異的な所見が見出されることがなく,一時は,「神経病理学者にとって統合失調症は墓場“Schizophrenia is the graveyard of neuropathologists”」と呼ばれる時代を迎えるようになった。しかし,1980年代以降,CT,MRIなどの脳画像(neuroimaging)の技術的進歩によって,この疾患の脳形態(brain morphology)の変化が相次いで報告されるようになり,その影響を受けて再び脳組織で何が起きているかに興味が持たれるようになった。その形態学を基盤とした生物学的解明の潮流の中で,この疾患の脳における神経病理学的な検討が再びされるようになった。顕微鏡下の形態学変化の観察だけでなく,さらに従来とは違って細胞分布などをコンピュータ画像/統計処理する報告や,脳組織の免疫組織学などの特殊染色術を応用した手法が用いられるようになった。今のところ,確証性の高い所見はいくつかあるものの,疾患特異的所見をいまだ見出し得ていないのが現状である。一方で,近年の分子生物学的研究の成果によってこの疾患のリスク遺伝子が見出されてきているが,それらの遺伝子の多くが神経の分化や発達,可塑性にかかわる機能と関連していることから,脳の病理との関連に興味が持たれるようになった。それら従来の研究の蓄積の所見を合理的に説明できるものとして,神経発達障害仮説(neurodevelopmental hypthesis)が支持されるようになった。いまや,脳神経画像と分子精神医学,そして脳神経病理学の研究成果の統合によって病因を解明する時期を迎えている。その意味において,新たな観点から神経病理学的な検討は重要性を増している。

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-126X

印刷版ISSN:0488-1281

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