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精神医学52巻8号

2010年08月発行

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Pick病と前頭側頭葉変性症―臨床病理研究の新しい時代

著者: 横田修12 土谷邦秋34 寺田整司2 石津秀樹25 黒田重利5

所属機関: 1前・マンチェスター大学臨床神経科学研究グループ 2岡山大学大学院 医歯薬学総合研究科 精神神経病態学 3東京都精神医学総合研究所 高齢社会プロジェクト 老年期精神疾患研究チーム(神経病理) 4東京都立松沢病院 検査科 5慈圭病院

ページ範囲:P.738 - P.754

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はじめに

 歴史的には‘Pick病’という用語は,Pick小体の有無とは無関係に,前頭側頭葉に限局性萎縮を呈す例を一括する臨床病理学的疾患単位の意味で用いられてきた。しかし現在では,さまざまな封入体とそこに蓄積した異常蛋白に基づいて病理学的疾患単位が規定されており,Pick病という名称はPick小体を有する例のみを指して用いることが推奨されている。つまり,病理学的疾患概念の根拠が,脳の葉性萎縮という肉眼所見から異常蛋白の蓄積という分子レベルの所見に変わり,それに伴って‘Pick病’概念もこの百年余で大きく変化している。

 疾患概念変化の是非について議論はあるが,我々臨床家は,分子病理学的なアプローチが病態の解明の先に,当然疾患特異的治療法の開発という目標を考えているということに目を向ける必要がある。診断は治療のために行うということを踏まえると,現在の前頭側頭葉変性症(frontotemporal lobar degeneration;FTLD)の臨床診断が,前頭側頭型認知症(FTD),進行性失語(PA),意味性認知症(SD)といった臨床亜型の分類作業にとどまっていることや,そもそも診断基準が病理の予測を想定していないことは,将来必ず臨床実地上の問題になると考えられる。とはいえ,ごく最近まで,FTLD患者の病理背景を生前に予測するなどということは不可能という意見が普通であったし,まだそれに否定的な考えも少なくない。それでは,これまで各病理学的疾患単位の臨床像が系統立てて検討されてきたのかというと,利用できるデータは非常に限られているのが現状である。これは「Pick小体があってもなくても病変分布と臨床像に大きな違いはない」という常識が長年強調されてきたこと,剖検例が多くの施設に分散しているため,まとまった検討が難しいという研究インフラ上の問題,診断基準の普及による「我々は生前に診断できている」という認識などが関係していると思われる。しかし,FTLD患者の病理背景を生前診断するための研究が症候学,画像,血清・髄液検査の領域で行われだしたのは,最近5年ほどのことである。

 本稿では,Pick病という名称はPick小体を持つ例のみを指して用い,前頭側頭葉に限局性脳萎縮を有す例全体を指す際にはFTLDか,文脈上必要なら‘Pick病’と記した。本稿の前半では,‘Pick病’第1例から現在のFTLDの病理学的分類とPick病の位置づけまでを整理し,後半は病理の生前の推測に役立ち得るFTLDの病理疫学,および各病理学的疾患単位ごとの臨床像の差異に関する知見をまとめた。以上の知見の呈示を通じて,この総説では,これまで第一線の臨床家が症例をていねいに観察し記録し,1例ずつ剖検に供してきた地道な努力によって,FTLDという認知症疾患研究の進歩が果たされてきたということも示したいと思う。

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