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精神医学58巻10号

2016年10月発行

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展望

精神疾患を対象としたfMRIニューロフィードバックの現状と展望

著者: 岡本泰昌1

所属機関: 1広島大学大学院医歯薬保健学研究院精神神経医科学

ページ範囲:P.819 - P.829

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はじめに
 多くの精神疾患において,個人の症状や病態に合わせた効果的な治療法を開発することは喫緊の課題である。たとえば,うつ病を例にとると,世界保健機関(WHO)の調査では,2030年には世界的に疾病負荷の第1位となることが予測されている40)。その一方で,薬物療法や精神療法を受ける3分の2の症例が完全に反応せず,治療に反応した2分の1しか寛解を維持しないなど,現時点で利用可能な治療法は十分とはいえない5)。既存の治療を超える選択肢として,反復経頭蓋磁気刺激法(repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation;rTMS),経頭蓋直流刺激法(transcranial direct current stimulation;tDCS),脳深部刺激法(deep brain stimulation;DBS)といった方法の開発も進められている。これらの方法は,うつ病に関連する脳領域に,直接,電気的な刺激を加える方法である。しかし,DBSのように外科手術を必要とする方法では患者への負担が非常に大きく,また,rTMSやtDCSも大脳皮質の比較的浅い脳領域を標的とし,寛解率も50%程度に留まる31)
 ここ数年,注目を浴びている新しい治療法として,ニューロフィードバックがある。特に技術の進展に伴い機能的磁気共鳴画像法(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging;fMRI)を用いたニューロフィードバックに関連する論文数は急速に伸びている39)。非侵襲的に,脳深部の活動も変えることができることから,新たな治療法としてfMRIニューロフィードバックに注目が集まっている。ニューロフィードバックは,外部からの刺激ではなく,自分の脳活動をリアルタイムでモニターしながら,脳活動を調節することを学習する方法で自己治療を目指す。すなわち,ニューロフィードバックは,個人の症状または病態に関連する脳機能状態に応じた効果的かつ効率的な治療法となる可能性がある。
 そこで,本稿では,比較的長い歴史を持つ脳波(electroencephalogram;EEG)を用いたニューロフィードバック,近年注目を集めるfMRIを用いたニューロフィードバック,さらにうつ病をはじめさまざまな精神疾患を対象として行われているニューロフィードバックの現状,最後に,脳情報の解読技術を用いたデコーディッドニューロフィードバックの開発動向などを,順を追って述べる。

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-126X

印刷版ISSN:0488-1281

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