1)Klimstra DS, Anold R, Capella C, et al. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the colon and rectum. In Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, et al(eds). WHO Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System, 4th ed. Lyon, IARC, pp 174-177, 2010
2)Sekiguchi M, Sekine S, Sakamoto T, et al. Excellent prognosis following endoscopic resection of patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors despite the frequent presence of lymphovascular invasion. J Gastroenterol 50:1184-1189, 2015
3)Anthony LB, Strosberg JR, Klimstra DS, et al. The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors(nets):well-differentiated nets of the distal colon and rectum. Pancreas 39:767-774, 2010
4)Caplin M, Sundin A, Nillson O, et al. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms:colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology 95:88-97, 2012
5)日本消化器病学会(編).大腸ポリープ診療ガイドライン2014.南江堂,2014
6)Shim KN, Yang SK, Myung SJ, et al. Atypical endoscopic features of rectal carcinoids. Endoscopy 36:313-316, 2004
7)Ono A, Fujii T, Saito Y, et al. Endoscopic submucosal resection of rectal carcinoid tumors with a ligation device. Gastrointest Endosc 57:583-587, 2003
8)Mashimo Y, Matsuda T, Uraoka T, et al. Endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device is an effective and safe treatment for carcinoid tumors in the lower rectum. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:218-221, 2008
9)Konishi T, Watanabe T, Kishimoto J, et al. Prognosis and risk factors of metastasis in colorectal carcinoids:results of a nationwide registry over 15 years. Gut 56:863-868, 2007
10)Sugimoto S, Hotta K, Shimoda T, et al. The Ki-67 labeling index and lymphatic/venous permeation predict the metastatic potential of rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Surg Endosc 30:4239-4248, 2016