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胃と腸54巻7号

2019年06月発行

文献概要

今月の主題 A型胃炎—最新の知見 序説

自己免疫性胃炎の疾患概念と診断基準

著者: 春間賢12

所属機関: 1川崎医科大学総合医療センター総合内科2 2淳風会医療診療セクター

ページ範囲:P.957 - P.961

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はじめに
 自己免疫性胃炎(autoimmune gastritis ; AIG)とは,壁細胞に存在するプロトンポンプ(H/KATPase)に対する自己抗体(抗胃壁細胞抗体)が産生されるために壁細胞が破壊され無酸となり,negative feedback mechanismにより高ガストリン血症を呈する病態である.形態的には胃体部を中心とした萎縮性胃炎で,胃前庭部には萎縮を認めないか軽度で,H. pylori(Helicobacter pylori)感染による胃前庭部を中心として胃体部に拡がる萎縮性胃炎とは形態像が異なる.内視鏡所見としては,黒川ら1)が提唱したように,胃体部の高度萎縮で胃前庭部には萎縮を認めない,いわゆる逆萎縮像を示す.AIGでは,血中に高率に抗胃壁細胞抗体や抗内因子抗体などの自己胃抗体を認め,ビタミンB12や鉄の吸収障害を来すと貧血を発症する.AIGのため,胃壁細胞で産生される内因子の分泌低下によりビタミンB12が欠乏し,巨赤芽球性貧血を発症したものを悪性貧血と呼ぶ.
 AIGを診断する意義は,貧血の原因疾患になるとともに,胃体部の高度の萎縮性胃炎のために胃癌発生の高リスク群であり2)〜5),さらに,高ガストリン血症を伴うために,胃NET(neuroendocrine cell tumor)の合併率が高いことにある5)〜10).Malfertheinerら11)のグループは,AIGの診断的意義は胃NETの発生リスクの評価にあると考えて,胃生検組織で胃体部のECL cell(enterochromaffin-like cell)hyperplasiaの存在を診断基準にしている.また,AIGは甲状腺や膵臓など胃外の腺組織の自己免疫疾患と高率に合併すること12)13),他部位の悪性腫瘍の発生率が高いことが指摘されており14),胃の病変ではあるが,単一臓器ではなく全身疾患として理解する必要がある.
 AIGは悪性貧血の頻度の高い,北欧,特にスカンジナビア地方に多い疾患とされ,本邦では悪性貧血の頻度が低いことから,AIGはまれな疾患を考えられていた.しかしながら,最近,本邦でもAIGが注目され,決してまれな疾患でないことがわかってきた15).その背景には,血清ペプシノゲン(pepsinogen ; PG)とH. pylori抗体を用いた胃癌のリスク評価(ABCリスク評価)を行った場合,PG法陽性,H. pylori抗体陰性のD群にAIGがかなり存在することがある16).また,AIGは胃体部の高度萎縮のために胃内pHが上昇し,H. pylori以外のウレアーゼ産生菌が胃内に増加し,迅速ウレアーゼ試験や呼気試験でH. pylori感染診断を行った場合,偽陽性を示し,繰り返しH. pylori除菌が行われる,いわゆる“泥沼除菌”の原因となっていることが明らかになった17)
 H. pyloriの診断と治療が普及し,胃炎の診療方針が確立された中で,AIGは注目度は高まっている.

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出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1882-1219

印刷版ISSN:0536-2180

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