1)Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Derby R, et al. The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995;20:1878-3.
2)Kepler CK, Markova DZ, Hilibrand AS, et al. Substance P stimulates production of inflammatory cytokines in human disc cells. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:E1291-9.
3)Rand N, Reichert F, Floman Y, et al. Murine nucleus pulposus-derived cells secrete interleukins-1-beta, -6, and -10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in cell culture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:2598-601.
4)Yamamoto J, Maeno K, Takada T, et al. Fas ligand plays an important role for the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells. J Orthop Res 2013;31:608-15.
5)Pockert AJ, Richardson SM, Le Maitre CL, et al. Modified expression of the ADAMTS enzymes and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 during human intervertebral disc degeneration. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:482-91.
6)Seguin CA, Bojarski M, Pilliar RM, et al. Differential regulation of matrix degrading enzymes in a TNFalpha-induced model of nucleus pulposus tissue degeneration. Matrix Biol 2006;25:409-18.
7)Seguin CA, Pilliar RM, Madri JA, et al. TNF-alpha induces MMP2 gelatinase activity and MT1-MMP expression in an in vitro model of nucleus pulposus tissue degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008;33:356-65.
8)Wang J, Markova D, Anderson DG, et al. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta promote a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I motif-5-mediated aggrecan degradation through syndecan-4 in intervertebral disc. J Biol Chem 2011;286:39738-49.
9)Andrade P, Visser-Vandewalle V, Philippens M, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels correlate with postoperative pain severity in lumbar disc hernia patients:opposite clinical effects between tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2. Pain 2011;152:2645-52.
10)Kepler CK, Markova DZ, Dibra F, et al. Expression and relationship of proinflammatory chemokine RANTES/CCL5 and cytokine IL-1beta in painful human intervertebral discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013;38:873-80.
11)Ohtori S, Miyagi M, Eguchi Y, et al. Epidural administration of spinal nerves with the tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, etanercept, compared with dexamethasone for treatment of sciatica in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis:a prospective randomized study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012;37:439-44.
12)Ohtori S, Miyagi M, Eguchi Y, et al:Efficacy of epidural administration of anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody onto spinal nerve for treatment of sciatica. Eur Spine J 2012;21:2079-84.
13)Freemont AJ, Watkins A, Le MC, et al:Nerve growth factor expression and innervation of the painful intervertebral disc. J Pathol 2002;197:286-92.
14)Melrose J, Roberts S, Smith S, et al:Increased nerve and blood vessel ingrowth associated with proteoglycan depletion in an ovine anular lesion model of experimental disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:1278-85.
15)Vernon-Roberts B, Moore RJ, Fraser RD:The natural history of age-related disc degeneration:the pathology and sequelae of tears. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:2797-804.
16)Miyagi M, Millecamps M, Danco AT, et al:ISSLS Prize winner:increased innervation and sensory nervous system plasticity in a mouse model of low back pain due to intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014;39:1345-54.
17)Tolofari SK, Richardson SM, Freemont AJ, et al. Expression of semaphorin 3A and its receptors in the human intervertebral disc:potential role in regulating neural ingrowth in the degenerate intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R1.
18)Abe Y, Akeda K, An HS, et al:Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the expression of nerve growth factor by human intervertebral disc cells. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:635-42.
19)Gruber HE, Hoelscher GL, Bethea S, et al. Interleukin 1-beta upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3 and neuropilin 2 gene expression and NGF production in annulus cells. Biotech Histochem 2012;87:506-11.
20)Purmessur D, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. Expression and regulation of neurotrophins in the nondegenerate and degenerate human intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10:R99.
21)Uchiyama Y, Cheng CC, Danielson KG, et al. Expression of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc is regulated by p75NTR and ERK signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:1996-2006.
22)Gimbel JS, Kivitz AJ, Bramson C, et al:Long-term safety and effectiveness of tanezumab as treatment for chronic low back pain. Pain 2014;155:1793-801.
23)Katz N, Borenstein DG, Birbara C, et al:Efficacy and safety of tanezumab in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Pain 2011;152:2248-58.
24)Uchida K, Takano S, Matsumoto T, et al. Transforming growth factor activating kinase 1 regulates extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and pain-related molecule expression following tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulation of synovial cells:an in vitro study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017;18:283.
25)Ponnappan RK, Markova DZ, Antonio PJ, et al. An organ culture system to model early degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:R171.
26)Takano S, Uchida K, Inoue G, et al:Nerve growth factor regulation and production by macrophages in osteoarthritic synovium. Clin Exp Immunol 2017;190:235-43.