1) Rosenberg IW. Epidermiologic and methodologic problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50(Suppl):1231-3.
2) Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia:European consensus on definition and diagnosis:Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Age Aging 2010;39(4):412-23.
3) Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, et al.Sarcopenia in Asia:Consensus Report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15(2):95-101.
4) Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE(ed). Sarcopenia. Chapter 2. Definitions of sarcopenia. Wiley-Blackwell;2012. p.8-19.
5) Inoue W, Ikezoe T, Tsuboyama T, et al. Are there different factors affecting walking speed and gait cycle variability between men and women in community-dwelling older adults? Aging Clin Exp Res 2017;29(2):215-21.
6) Quiben MU, Hazuda HP. Factors contributing to 50-ft walking speed and observed ethnic differences in older community-dwelling Mexican Americans and European Americans. Phys Ther 2015;95(6):871-83.
7) Tiainen KM, Perola M, Kovanen VM, et al:Genetics of maximal walking speed and skeletal muscle characteristics in older women. Twin Res Hum Genet 2008;11(3):321-34.
8) Gillain S, Dramé M, Lekeu F, et al. Gait speed or gait variability, which one to use as a marker of risk to develop Alzheimer disease? A pilot study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016;28(2):249-55.
9) Hall WJ. Update in geriatrics. Ann Intern Med 2006;145(7):538-43.
10) Shaw AC, Goldstein DR, Montgomery RR. Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13(12):875-87.
11) Hida T, Ishiguro N, Shimokata H, et al. High prevalence of sarcopenia and reduced leg muscle mass in Japanese patients immediately after a hip fracture. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013;13(2):413-20.
12) Iida H, Sakai Y, Watanabe T, et al. Sarcopenia affects conservative treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Osteoporosis Sarcopenia 2018;4(3);114-7.
13) Sakai Y, Matsui H, Ito S, et al. Sarcopenia in elderly patients with chronic low back pain. Osteoporosis Sarcopenia 2017;3(4), 195-200.
14) Ji HM, Han J, Jin DS, et al. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Clin Orthop Surg 2016;8(2):194-202.
15) Bokshan SL, Han AL, DePasse M, et al. Effect of sarcopenia on postoperative morbidity and mortality after thoracolumbar spine surgery. Orthopedics 2016;39(6):e1159-64.
16) Eguchi Y, Suzuki M, Yamanaka H, et al. Influence of skeletal muscle mass and spinal alignment on surgical outcomes for lumbar spinal stenosis. Asian Spine J 2018;12(3):556-62.
17) Moskven E, Bourassa-Moreau É, Charest-Morin R, et al. The impact of frailty and sarcopenia on postoperative outcomes in adult spine surgery. A systematic review of the literature. Spine J 2018;18(12):2354-69.
18) Koshimizu H, Sakai Y, Harada A, et al. The impact of sarcopenia on cervical spine sagittal alignment after cervical laminoplasty. Clin Spine Surg 2018;31(7), E342-346.
19) Gakhar H, Dhillon A, Blackwell J, et al:Study investigating the role of skeletal muscle mass estimation in metastatic spinal cord compression. Eur spine J 2015;24(10):2150-5.
20) Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, et al:Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61(1):72-7.
21) Gale CR, Martyn CN, Cooper C, et al. Grip strength, body composition, and mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2007;36(1):228-35.
22) Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P, et al. Skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in relation to lower-extremity performance in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48(4):381-86.
23) Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevskiy SB, et al. Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors off incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60(3):324-33.
24) Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults:The health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61(10):1059-64.
25) Hairi NN, Cumming RG, Naganathan V, et al. Loss of muscle strength, mass (sarcopenia), and quality (specific force) and its relationship with functional limitation and physical disability:The Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58(11):2055-62.
26) Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, et al. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159(4):413-21.
27) Morley JE. Frailty and sarcopenia:The new geriatric giants. Rev Invest Clin 2016;68(2):59-67.
28) Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C, et al. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women:The EPI-DOS (EPIDemiologie de I'OSteoporose) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(6):1895-900.
29) Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 2011;305(1):50-8.
30) Moritani T, deVries HA. Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain. Am J Phys Med 1979;58(3):115-30.
31) Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, et al. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(6):1579-85.
32) Gandevia SC. Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 2001;81(4):1725-89.
33) Clark BC, Taylor JL. Age-related changes in motor cortical properties and voluntary activation of skeletal muscle. Curr Aging Sci 2011;4(3):192-9.
34) Manini TM, Clark BC. Dynapenia and aging:An update. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012;67(1):28-40.
35) McLean RR, Kiel DP. Developing consensus criteria for sarcopenia:An Update. J Bone Miner Res 2015;30(4):588-92.
36) Kawakami Y, Akima H, Kubo K, et al. Changes in muscle size, architecture, and neural activation after 20 days of bed rest with and without resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;84(1-2):7-12.
37) Papadakis MA, Grady D, Black D, et al. Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(8):708-16.
38) Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Berlin JA, et al. Effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(8):2670-7.
39) Verbrugge LM, Jette AM. The disablement process. Soc Sci Med 1994;38(1):1-14.