理学療法ジャーナル40巻5号

2006年05月発行

講座 運動学の定説を問う・2

腰部脊柱の過酷な機能はいかに守られているのか

著者： 齋藤昭彦¹

所属機関： ¹国際医療福祉大学保健学部理学療法学科

ページ範囲：P.391 - P.397

はじめに

　腰部脊柱は前方に位置する椎体間関節（以下，椎間板）と後方に位置する2つの椎間関節により連結された多分節構造である．椎間板は椎体と椎体との間にある軟骨関節であり，椎間関節は一対の椎骨の上関節突起と下関節突起との間の滑膜関節である．2種類の関節の機能により屈曲，伸展，側屈，回旋といった生理学的運動が可能となるが，椎間関節の関節面が矢状面に位置しているため，屈曲，伸展の可動域が比較的大きい．

　腰部脊柱には可動性に加え，体重を支持し，四肢運動の土台となるための安定性が求められる．また，可動性と安定性という2つの矛盾した機能を供給するだけでなく，この領域には安静時，活動時を問わず様々な負荷が加わる^1）．負荷に対抗する能力は，負荷のタイプ，持続時間，スピードにより異なり，さらに，年齢，姿勢，各構造（椎体，椎間関節，椎間板，筋，関節包，靱帯）の状態や特性，神経系の統合性に左右される．本稿では主として腰部脊柱の安定性機能に注目して記載する．

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