1)Giladi N, Fahn S:Freezing phenomenon, the fifth cardinal sign of parkinsonism. In Fisher A, et al(eds):Progress in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, pp329-335, Plenum, New York, 1998
2)Bloem BR, et al:Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. a review of two interconnected episodic phenomena. Mov Disord 19:871-884, 2004
3)Giladi N:Freezing of gait. Clinical over view. Adv Neurol 87:191-197, 2001
4)Lamberti P, et al:Freezing gait in Parkinson's disease. Eur Neurol 38:297-301, 1997
5)Narabayashi H:Three types of akinesia in the progressive course of Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 60:18-24, 1993
6)Okuma Y:Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 253:27-32, 2006
7)Giladi N, et al:Motor blocks in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 42:333-339, 1992
8)高谷美成:すくみ足.総合リハ 31:1127-1132,2003
9)Matsui H, et al:Three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection study of freezing of gait and brain perfusion image in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 20:1272-1277, 2005
10)Hanakawa T, et al:Mechanism underlying gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease:a single photon emission computed tomography study. Brain 122:1271-1282, 1999
11)Nieuwboer A, et al:Electromyographic profiles of gait prior to onset of freezing episodes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 127:1650-1660, 2004
12)Camicioli R, et al:Verbal fruency task affects gait in Parkinson's disease with motor freezing. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 11:181-185, 1998
13)Hanakawa T, et al:Enhanced lateral premotor activity during paradoxical gait in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 45:329-336, 1999
14)井関一海,福山秀直:Kinesie paradoxale―矛盾運動について―.No To Shinkei 58:739-746,2006
15)Sidaway B, et al:Effects of long-term gait training using visual cues in an individual with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther 86:186-194, 2006
16)Schaafsma JD, et al:Characterization of freezing of gait subtypes and the response of each to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 10:391-398, 2003
17)宮本俊朗,他:パーキンソン症候群の方向転換運動に外的cueが与える影響.理学療法学 35(suppl 2):814,2008
18)柳澤信夫,他:特異な運動障害その症候と病態機序―歩行失行と起立・歩行障害.臨床神経 33:1310-1312,1993
19)内藤 寛:歩行と姿勢―すくみ足と重心移動障害―.BRAIN MEDICAL 19:359-367,2007