BRAIN and NERVE－神経研究の進歩60巻4号

2008年04月発行

増大特集 神経系の発生とその異常

神経細胞移動の制御とその異常

著者： 八木秀司¹² 佐藤真¹²

所属機関： ¹福井大学医学部形態機能医科学講座組織細胞形態学・神経科学領域 ²福井大学生命科学複合研究教育センター

ページ範囲：P.383 - P.394

文献概要

はじめに

　精緻な制御に基づく神経細胞の移動がなければ，神経系は正しく形成されない。中枢神経系では，脳室周囲で発生した神経細胞は，将来の神経回路構築の場に移動し，回路網を形成し脳・脊髄としての機能を実現する。末梢神経系では，神経堤より神経細胞が移動し，神経節や副腎髄質を構成するとともに，体内に広く神経ネットワークを張りめぐらす。一方，その移動異常により幾多の神経機能不全や神経疾患が生じることが知られている。

　細胞の移動は特に神経細胞や神経系に限定した現象ではない。神経系形成時においてはグリア細胞も移動し，体内では炎症時の血球系の細胞や動脈硬化の初期に生じる平滑筋細胞の移動，そして転移時の癌細胞などの移動が知られており，むしろ細胞移動は生理的にも疾病時でも一般的にみられる現象といえる。さらには単細胞生物においても細胞遊走は一般的な現象としてよく知られている。それゆえ，移動に関わる分子の仕組みは広く細胞に共有されており，その仕組みの解明も，特に培養やアッセイが容易であるためか，粘菌などの単細胞生物，そして高等動物では血球細胞や癌細胞を研究対象として，著しく進みつつある。一方，細胞移動は組織内での細胞配置を決定する現象であるがゆえなのか，大脳皮質や小脳など規則的だが複雑な細胞配置を機能のよりどころとする組織においては，独特の細胞移動制御の仕組みの発達も著しい。本稿では，神経系での神経細胞移動現象を俯瞰するとともに，神経細胞移動の仕組みの解明に際し，参考になるであろう一般的な細胞移動制御の仕組み，そして脳内各部位においてどのような特化した仕組みが発達し，機能しているかに関する分子・細胞レベルでの研究の現状を，筆者らのデータも交え概説し，さらにはその破綻に伴う諸疾患について記す。

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