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増大特集 神経系の発生とその異常
文献概要
Ⅰ．導入（introduction)
哺乳類の大脳皮質の形成過程は，ニューロンの複雑かつ多様な相互作用を基盤としている。皮質構築における1つの重要なステップは，ニューロンの移動（neuronal migration）である。特定の部位で誕生したニューロンは，長い距離を移動して最終配置部位へと到達し，大脳皮質を構築する。
ニューロンの移動には，大別して2種類の様式がある。1つは，興奮性ニューロンによる放射状移動（radial migration）である。興奮性ニューロンは主に脳室帯および脳室下帯近辺で誕生し，辺縁帯直下まで放射状に移動する。他方は，抑制性ニューロンによる接線方向への移動（tangential migration）である。抑制性ニューロンは主に腹側の基底核原基で誕生し，脳表面に沿って平行に移動し，皮質板へと移入する。
精神遅滞やてんかん，自閉症などのさまざまな精神神経疾患の構造的基盤として，ニューロンの移動・配置機構の破綻が関わっている可能性が近年見出されてきた。すなわち，ニューロンの移動は組織構築のみならず，大脳の正常な機能発現にとっての基礎的現象でもある。本レビューでは，ニューロンの移動を軸として，大脳皮質構築のメカニズムを概観する。なお，関連する重要な原著論文は以下に示すもの以外にも多数あるが，紙数の関係でやむを得ず大幅に引用数を制限せざるを得ないことを，あらかじめお詫びしたい。
哺乳類の大脳皮質の形成過程は，ニューロンの複雑かつ多様な相互作用を基盤としている。皮質構築における1つの重要なステップは，ニューロンの移動（neuronal migration）である。特定の部位で誕生したニューロンは，長い距離を移動して最終配置部位へと到達し，大脳皮質を構築する。
ニューロンの移動には，大別して2種類の様式がある。1つは，興奮性ニューロンによる放射状移動（radial migration）である。興奮性ニューロンは主に脳室帯および脳室下帯近辺で誕生し，辺縁帯直下まで放射状に移動する。他方は，抑制性ニューロンによる接線方向への移動（tangential migration）である。抑制性ニューロンは主に腹側の基底核原基で誕生し，脳表面に沿って平行に移動し，皮質板へと移入する。
精神遅滞やてんかん，自閉症などのさまざまな精神神経疾患の構造的基盤として，ニューロンの移動・配置機構の破綻が関わっている可能性が近年見出されてきた。すなわち，ニューロンの移動は組織構築のみならず，大脳の正常な機能発現にとっての基礎的現象でもある。本レビューでは，ニューロンの移動を軸として，大脳皮質構築のメカニズムを概観する。なお，関連する重要な原著論文は以下に示すもの以外にも多数あるが，紙数の関係でやむを得ず大幅に引用数を制限せざるを得ないことを，あらかじめお詫びしたい。
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