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雑誌文献

BRAIN and NERVE-神経研究の進歩60巻9号

2008年09月発行

特集 知・情・意の神経学

知・情・意の神経機構

著者: 小野武年1 西条寿夫1

所属機関: 1富山大学大学院医学薬学研究部システム情動科学

ページ範囲:P.995 - P.1007

文献概要

はじめに

 前頭葉は系統発生学的にヒトで最も発達し,ヒトでは全皮質表面の約30%に達する。この比率は,サルなど他の霊長類と比較しても格段に大きい。このためヒトの進化の歴史を,“前頭葉の時代”と称することもある。すなわち,前頭連合野は,知性,理性,意欲,思考,創造性,行動の企画,感情など多くの高次脳機能を担い,人間が人間らしく生きるための最高次の中枢である。一方,扁桃体を中心とする大脳辺縁系は,ヒトや動物の行動を規制する重要な因子である報酬(生存に必要な食物や水,あるいは同種の仲間など)および罰または嫌悪刺激(生存を脅かす天敵,肉食獣など)の評価とそれに基づく情動発現に重要な役割を果たしている。例えば,恐怖および喜びは,それぞれ罰刺激および報酬が与えられたときの精神身体的反応であり,怒りおよび安心感は,予定されていたそれぞれ報酬および罰刺激が省略あるいは中途中止されたときの精神身体的反応である1)。これらの情動がモチベーションとなり,動物は生存するために,報酬およびそれを予告する刺激は追い求め(喜びなどの快情動に基づく接近行動),罰およびそれを予告する刺激は避けようとする(恐怖などの不快情動に基づく回避あるいは逃避行動)。近年の研究により,前頭前野(背外側前頭前野,眼窩皮質)と大脳辺縁系(扁桃体,前部帯状回)は相互に密接な線維連絡を有し,ヒトが合目的行動戦略を決定する際には,これら大脳辺縁系とともに前頭前野が1つのシステムとして機能していることが明らかにされつつある。本稿では筆者らの研究を中心に,これら領域の機能的役割に関して最近の知見を概説したい。

参考文献

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1344-8129

印刷版ISSN:1881-6096

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