BRAIN and NERVE－神経研究の進歩61巻1号

2009年01月発行

総説

経頭蓋直流電気刺激法―ヒト認知神経科学への応用

著者： 田中悟志¹² 渡邊克巳¹²³

所属機関： ¹東京大学先端科学技術研究センター認知科学分野 ²科学技術振興機構ERATO下條潜在脳機能プロジェクト ³産業技術総合研究所人間福祉医工学研究部門

ページ範囲：P.53 - P.64

文献概要

はじめに

　知覚・運動・認知などのわれわれの心的機能を司る大脳皮質を構成する神経細胞は，電気信号によって情報を伝達する。したがって，逆に外部から何らかの方法で電気刺激を加えることにより神経細胞の活動および心的機能に影響を与えることができる。電気刺激の際，頭蓋骨等の電気抵抗が高いため，実際の効果を引き出すためには強い電流を流す必要があると考えられてきた。しかしながら近年，1mA以下の弱い直流電流でも神経系の活動が一過性に変化するという直接的な証拠が示され，経頭蓋直流電気刺激（transcranial direct current stimulation: tDCS）はヒトの脳活動を非侵襲的に修飾することのできる装置として，認知神経科学分野で脚光を浴びている^1，2）。すでに英文ではtDCSを扱った総説がいくつか存在するが^3－7），tDCSを用いた認知神経科学の最新の知見を幅広く体系的に扱ったものはない。また和文では実験論文も含めtDCSを扱ったものは極めて限られている^8，9）。したがって，本論文ではtDCSの基本的原理やtranscranial magnetic stimulation（TMS）との違い，また安全性の面について可能な限り詳細に解説を行った。そして健常者および神経疾患患者を対象としたtDCS研究の最新の知見をまとめ，認知神経科学におけるtDCSの現在の位置づけおよび今後の展開について考察を行った。

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