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BRAIN and NERVE-神経研究の進歩62巻10号

2010年10月発行

総説

自己と他者―社会脳科学の新しい枠組み

著者: 杉浦元亮1

所属機関: 1東北大学加齢医学研究所脳機能開発研究分野

ページ範囲:P.1067 - P.1074

文献概要

はじめに

 われわれ人間の認知能力で,最も特異な能力が,同じ人間である“他者”と関わる能力である。われわれは相手の意図・心情や行動特性を汲み取り,それを基に適切な行動制御を行うことができる。例えば出勤して朝の挨拶を交わすとき,われわれは特別に意図しなくても,上司と部下と,また前の日に迷惑をかけた同僚と,相手によって用いる言葉やトーン,表情を変えている。この絶妙な態度の使い分けは,脳が相手と自分の社会的関係や,相手の意図・心情・行動特性に基づいて行った,高度な社会行動制御の結果である。このような適応的な社会行動を可能にしている脳メカニズムを解明するのが,筆者にとっての社会脳科学の目標である。

 他者と関わる能力が他の基本的な認知処理能力と大きく異なるのは,それが自他概念,すなわち自己と他者の関係についての情報処理能力を必要とすることである。適切な社会行動のためには,他者の自分に対しての意図・心情を理解するのが重要である。適切な行動制御のためには,自己―他者間の社会的関係の現在・過去・未来,を参照する必要がある。また,実空間における社会的関係の認識は,相手と自己との間の身体運動の時空間的関係の特徴的なパターン認識である。このような自他概念の処理能力は,動物種や小児の社会認知発達の程度を特徴づける重要な因子である1,2)

 自他概念の認知処理の究明について,これまでの社会脳科学は必ずしも十分に取り組んでこなかった。本稿では,まず他者と関わる能力の神経基盤研究の現在について,脳機能イメージング研究を中心に俯瞰する。そしてこれを自他概念の処理メカニズムとその発達過程の視点から整理し直した新しいモデルを提案し,社会脳科学の新しい地平を目指す。

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1344-8129

印刷版ISSN:1881-6096

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