BRAIN and NERVE－神経研究の進歩62巻11号

2010年11月発行

増大特集 歩行とその異常

歩行の制御における小脳機能

著者： 柳原大¹

所属機関： ¹東京大学，大学院総合文化研究科・生命環境科学系，大学院情報学環

ページ範囲：P.1149 - P.1156

文献概要

はじめに

　歩行において，1つの肢の運動はいくつかの関節を含む多関節運動であり，さらにその多関節運動が複数の肢で実行される。1つの関節の動きといえども，主働筋，協働筋，さらに拮抗筋の協調した活動によって実現されることを考慮すれば，多数の筋活動の時間・空間的パターンを同時並列的かつ協調的に制御してはじめて，円滑な歩行運動が遂行されるといえる。小脳は歩行時における筋緊張の制御と肢運動の位相制御に関与し，それらを統合した結果の肢間協調（interlimb coordination）に中心的役割を果たしている。さらに特筆すべきは，小脳プルキンエ細胞におけるシナプス可塑性を利用して外乱や外部環境の変化に対する適応制御に貢献しているという，歩行の神経生理学的研究の中では比較的新しく重要な知見である。本稿では，歩行制御系の中での小脳の位置づけ，種々の遺伝子変異マウスにおける歩行失調，ならびに動物およびヒトでの歩行の適応制御に関する研究動向を概説する。

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