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BRAIN and NERVE-神経研究の進歩64巻6号

2012年06月発行

特集 睡眠と覚醒の脳内機構

睡眠の脳機能画像解析研究

著者: 佐々木由香1

所属機関: 1

ページ範囲:P.611 - P.619

文献概要

はじめに

 あなたが寝ているときに,あなたの脳はどのような状態にあるのか,あるいは,どのような活動をしているのか? この問いに答えることは実は難しい。この問いに答えようとすることは,すなわち睡眠の機能を明らかにしようとすることと同じである。睡眠の持つ機能が何であるか,これを理解することは,現在の神経科学の重要な課題の1つである。

 ヒトの睡眠状態の脳は時間的に一様ではなく,時々刻々と変化している。そのようなヒトの睡眠状態を客観的に示すために,およそ45年前に,脳波,眼球運動,筋電図の3つの総合指標によって睡眠段階を表すことになった1)。これら3つの指標を合わせて表示するものを睡眠ポリグラフと呼ぶ。

 睡眠段階は大きくノンレム睡眠(non-rapid eye movement sleep)とレム睡眠(rapid eye movement sleep)に分類される。ヒト以外の動物を使った睡眠研究では,ノンレム睡眠は徐波睡眠と同義であるが,ヒトの睡眠の場合は同義ではない。ヒトの場合,ノンレム睡眠は,さらに4つに分けられ(睡眠段階1,2,3,4),このうち段階3と4を合わせて徐波睡眠と呼んだ。最近改訂された米国睡眠医学会の睡眠段階判定国際基準では,以前の基準での段階3と4を区別しないでN3と呼ぶが2)これが徐波睡眠であることには変わりがない。

 しかし,ヒトの睡眠状態は時間的に一様でないばかりでなく,脳の空間的にも一様でないことがわかってきた。睡眠段階判定国際基準設置後に,徐々にヒトに使えるさまざまな脳機能画像解析方法が確立されてきたおかげで,睡眠中の脳活動の時空間的詳細がわかるようになってきた。

 本稿ではこれらの技術を利用したヒト睡眠脳活動研究の成果について概観していく。はじめに,近年開発されたヒト脳機能画像技術を簡単に紹介する。Ⅱ,Ⅲ節で,これら技術を利用して調べられた睡眠段階による脳活動変化,および,睡眠紡錘波や急速眼球運度などの睡眠ポリグラフ上における一過性の特徴的事象が生じているときの脳活動を概観する。Ⅳ節では夢と脳活動について言及する。Ⅴ節で,睡眠と脳領域間のコネクティビティの研究をいくつか紹介し,最後に,睡眠学習固定説についての研究を紹介する。

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掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1344-8129

印刷版ISSN:1881-6096

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