icon fsr

文献詳細

雑誌文献

BRAIN and NERVE-神経研究の進歩64巻7号

2012年07月発行

増大特集 顔認知の脳内機構

自己顔認知の神経基盤―その社会性について

著者: 杉浦元亮1

所属機関: 1東北大学加齢医学研究所脳機能開発研究分野

ページ範囲:P.753 - P.760

文献概要

はじめに

 顔は社会への窓である。顔は他人に評価され,さまざまな場面でわれわれの人生を左右する。異性パートナーや結婚相手の選択で,顔が重要な判断要素であることは間違いない。学業成績評価や就職面接の採否,収入などが顔の魅力に影響を受けることはデータで証明されている1-3)。一方で,われわれは顔で他者を動かし,社会とつながることもできる。多くの人は,微笑みを投げれば,微笑みを返してくれる。悲しい顔をすれば,同情してくれる。われわれの乳幼児期における親子間の顔の表情によるやり取りは,コミュニケーションの初期形態である4,5)

 自分の顔を見るというのは,不思議な行為である。自分の顔は本来他者に見られるはずのものであり,自分の顔を見るためには鏡やカメラ・ビデオなどの文明の利器が必要である。われわれが鏡に映った自分を見るのはなんのためか。代表的なのは髪を整えたり化粧をしたり,という身づくろいのときであろう。鏡の前で表情を作ってみたり,鏡の中の自分に語りかけてみたりする人もいる(もちろん,自己認知ができなくなる認知症の話6,7)ではない)。他者によりよく見られようと努力したり,社会の中で迷う自分と向き合ったり,いずれもヒトをヒトたらしめている高度な社会性を反映している。実際,鏡に映った自己像を自己と認識できる動物は極めて少なく,いずれも脳が大きく高度な社会性を持った動物である8-10)

 自分の顔を見るときに脳のどのようなメカニズムが作動するのかについてわれわれが学術的な興味を持つとき,その念頭にあるのは一般的に人間の社会性,その中でもとびきり高度な部分であろう。

参考文献

1) Frieze IH, Olson JE, Russell J: Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. J Appl Soc Psychol 21: 1039-1057, 1991
2) Clifford MM, Walster E: Effect of physical attractiveness on teacher expectations. Sociol Educ 46: 248-258, 1973
3) Marlowe CM, Schneider SL, Nelson CE: Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased? J Appl Psychol 81: 11-21, 1996
4) Cohn JF, Tronick EZ: Mother infant face-to-face interaction―influence is bidirectional and unrelated to periodic cycles in either partners behavior. Dev Psychol 24: 386-392, 1988
5) Kaye K, Fogel A: The temporal structure of face-to-face communication between mothers and infants. Dev Psychol 16: 454-464, 1980
6) Biringer F, Anderson JR, Strubel D: Self-recognition in senile dementia. Exp Aging Res 14: 177-180, 1988
7) Rubin EH, Drevets WC, Burke WJ: The nature of psychotic symptoms in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1: 16-20, 1988
8) Gallup GG: Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. Am J Primatol 2: 237-248, 1982
9) Plotnik JM, de Waal FB, Reiss D: Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 17053-17057, 2006
10) Reiss D, Marino L: Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 5937-5942, 2001
11) Feinberg TE, Keenan JP: Where in the brain is the self? Conscious Cogn 14: 661-678, 2005
12) Keenan JP, Wheeler MA, Gallup GG Jr, Pascual-Leone A: Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 4: 338-344, 2000
13) Preilowski B: Self-recognition as a test of consciousness in left and right hemisphere of "split-brain" patients. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 19(Suppl 2): 343-344, 1977
14) Keenan JP, McCutcheon B, Freund S, Gallup GG Jr, Sanders G, et al: Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task. Neuropsychologia 37: 1421-1425, 1999
15) Keenan JP, Nelson A, O'Connor M, Pascual-Leone A: Self-recognition and the right hemisphere. Nature 409: 305, 2001
16) Kircher TT, Senior C, Phillips ML, Benson PJ, Bullmore ET, et al: Towards a functional neuroanatomy of self processing: effects of faces and words. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 10: 133-144, 2000
17) Kircher TT, Senior C, Phillips ML, Rabe-Hesketh S, Benson PJ, et al: Recognizing one's own face. Cognition 78: B1-B15, 2001
18) Platek SM, Keenan JP, Gallup GG Jr, Mohamed FB: Where am I? The neurological correlates of self and other. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 19: 114-122, 2004
19) Sugiura M, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Okada K, Kato T, et al: Passive and active recognition of one's own face. Neuroimage 11: 36-48, 2000
20) Platek SM, Wathne K, Tierney NG, Thomson JW: Neural correlates of self-face recognition: an effect-location meta-analysis. Brain Res 1232: 173-184, 2008
21) Devue C, Collette F, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al: Here I am: the cortical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Res 1143: 169-182, 2007
22) Kaplan JT, Aziz-Zadeh L, Uddin LQ, Iacoboni M: The self across the senses: an fMRI study of self-face and self-voice recognition. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3: 218-223, 2008
23) Oikawa H, Sugiura M, Sekiguchi A, Tsukiura T, Miyauchi CM, et al: Self-face evaluation and self-esteem in young females: an fMRI study using contrast effect. Neuroimage 59: 3668-3676, 2012
24) Platek SM, Loughead JW, Gur RC, Busch S, Ruparel K, et al: Neural substrates for functionally discriminating self-face from personally familiar faces. Hum Brain Mapp 27: 91-98, 2006
25) Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Jeong H, Horie K, Sato S, et al: Face-specific and domain-general characteristics of cortical responses during self-recognition. Neuroimage 42: 414-422, 2008
26) Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Jeong H, Miura N, Akitsuki Y, et al: Multiple brain networks for visual self-recognition with different sensitivity for motion and body part. Neuroimage 32: 1905-1917, 2006
27) Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Jeong H, Wakusawa K, Horie K, et al: Self-face recognition in social context. Hum Brain Mapp 33: 1364-1374, 2012
28) Uddin LQ, Kaplan JT, Molnar-Szakacs I, Zaidel E, Iacoboni M: Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal "mirror" network in the right hemisphere: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 25: 926-935, 2005
29) Sugiura M, Watanabe J, Maeda Y, Matsue Y, Fukuda H, et al: Cortical mechanisms of visual self-recognition. Neuroimage 24: 143-149, 2005
30) Jastorff J, Begliomini C, Fabbri-Destro M, Rizzolatti G, Orban GA: Coding observed motor acts: different organizational principles in the parietal and premotor cortex of humans. J Neurophysiol 104: 128-140, 2010
31) David N, Cohen MX, Newen A, Bewernick BH, Shah NJ, et al: The extrastriate cortex distinguishes between the consequences of one's own and others' behavior. Neuroimage 36: 1004-1014, 2007
32) Fink GR, Marshall JC, Halligan PW, Frith CD, Driver J, et al: The neural consequences of conflict between intention and the senses. Brain 122: 497-512, 1999
33) Schnell K, Heekeren K, Schnitker R, Daumann J, Weber J, et al: An fMRI approach to particularize the frontoparietal network for visuomotor action monitoring: Detection of incongruence between test subjects' actions and resulting perceptions. Neuroimage 34: 332-341, 2007
34) Frith CD, Blakemore SJ, Wolpert DM: Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action. Philos Trans R Soci B Biol Sci 355: 1771-1788, 2000
35) Gallagher II: Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends Cogn Sci 4: 14-21, 2000
36) Chao LL, Martin A: Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream. Neuroimage 12: 478-484, 2000
37) Handy TC, Grafton ST, Shroff NM, Ketay S, Gazzaniga MS: Graspable objects grab attention when the potential for action is recognized. Nat Neurosci 6: 421-427, 2003
38) Courage ML, Edison SC, Howe ML: Variability in the early development of visual self-recognition. Infant Behav Dev 27: 509-532, 2004
39) Kelley WM, Macrae CN, Wyland CL, Caglar S, Inati S, et al: Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. J Cogni Neurosci 14: 785-794, 2002
40) Ochsner KN, Beer JS, Robertson ER, Cooper JC, Gabrieli JDE, et al: The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge. Neuroimage 28: 797-814, 2005
41) Kampe KK, Frith CD, Frith U: "Hey John": signals conveying communicative intention toward the self activate brain regions associated with "mentalizing," regardless of modality. J Neurosci 23: 5258-5263, 2003
42) Izuma K, Saito DN, Sadato N: Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum. Neuron 58: 284-294, 2008
43) Amodio DM, Frith CD: Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 7: 268-277, 2006
44) Krueger F, Barbey AK, Grafman J: The medial prefrontal cortex mediates social event knowledge. Trends Cogn Sci 13: 103-109, 2009
45) Van Overwalle F: Social cognition and the brain: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 30: 829-858, 2009
46) Platek SM, Kemp SM: Is family special to the brain? An event-related fMRI study of familiar, familial, and self-face recognition. Neuropsychologia 47: 849-858, 2009
47) Festinger L: A Theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7: 117-140, 1954
48) Cash TF, Cash DW, Butters JW: Mirror, mirror, on the wall ...? : contrast effects and self-evaluations of physical attractiveness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 9: 351-358, 1983
49) Gutierres SE, Kenrick DT, Partch JJ: Beauty, dominance, and the mating game: Contrast effects in self-assessment reflect gender differences in mate selection. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 25: 1126-1134, 1999
50) Arana FS, Parkinson JA, Hinton E, Holland AJ, Owen AM, et al: Dissociable contributions of the human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to incentive motivation and goal selection. J Neurosci 23: 9632-9638, 2003
51) Moretti L, Dragone D, di Pellegrino G: Reward and social valuation deficits following ventromedial prefrontal damage. J Cogn Neurosci 21: 128-140, 2009
52) Northoff G, Bermpohl F: Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends Cogn Sci 8: 102-107, 2004
53) Shah NJ, Marshall JC, Zafiris O, Schwab A, Zilles K, et al: The neural correlates of person familiarity. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study with clinical implications. Brain 124: 804-815, 2001
54) Sugiura M, Shah NJ, Zilles K, Fink GR: Cortical representations of personally familiar objects and places: functional organization of the human posterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 17: 183-198, 2005
55) Maddock RJ: The retrosplenial cortex and emotion: new insights from functional neuroimaging of the human brain. Trends Neurosci 22: 310-316, 1999
56) Adcock RA, Thangavel A, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Knutson B, Gabrieli JD: Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50: 507-517, 2006
57) Elliott R, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ: Dissociable neural responses in human reward systems. J Neurosci 20: 6159-6165, 2000
58) Sugiura M, Mano Y, Sasaki A, Sadato N: Beyond the memory mechanism: person-selective and nonselective processes in recognition of personally familiar faces. J Cogn Neurosci 23: 699-715, 2011
59) Gergely G: The obscure object of desire: 'Nearly, but clearly not, like me': Contingency preference in normal children versus children with autism. Bull Menninger Clin 65: 411-426, 2001
60) Keller H, Kartner J, Borke J, Yovsi R, Kleis A: Parenting styles and the development of the categorical self: A longitudinal study on mirror self-recognition in Cameroonian Nso and German families. Int J Behav Dev 29: 496-504, 2005
61) Mazziotta JC, Toga AW, Evans A, Fox P, Lancaster J: A probabilistic atlas of the human brain: theory and rationale for its development. The International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM). Neuroimage 2: 89-101, 1995

掲載誌情報

出版社:株式会社医学書院

電子版ISSN:1344-8129

印刷版ISSN:1881-6096

雑誌購入ページに移動
icon up

本サービスは医療関係者に向けた情報提供を目的としております。
一般の方に対する情報提供を目的としたものではない事をご了承ください。
また,本サービスのご利用にあたっては,利用規約およびプライバシーポリシーへの同意が必要です。

※本サービスを使わずにご契約中の電子商品をご利用したい場合はこちら