1)総務省統計局:人口推計 https://www.stat.go.jp/data/jinsui/index.html(最終閲覧日:2022年6月2日)
2)内閣府:平成29年版高齢社会白書(全体版) https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2017/zenbun/29pdf_index.html(最終閲覧日:2022年6月2日)
3)Scheltens P, Blennow K, Breteler MM, de Strooper B, Frisoni GB, et al: Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 388: 505-517, 2016
4)Thal DR, Attems J, Ewers M: Spreading of amyloid, tau, and microvascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease: findings from neuropathological and neuroimaging studies. J Alzheimers Dis 42 Suppl 4: S421-S429, 2014
5)Cederholm T, Salem N Jr, Palmblad J: ω-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cognitive decline in humans. Adv Nutr 4: 672-676, 2013
6)Hamaguchi T, Ono K, Yamada M: Review: curcumin and Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 16: 285-297, 2010
7)Albarracin SL, Stab B, Casas Z, Sutachan JJ, Samudio I, et al: Effects of natural antioxidants in neurodegenerative disease. Nutr Neurosci 15: 1-9, 2012
8)Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Witteman JC, Mehta KM, van Duijn CM, et al: Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 359: 281-286, 2002
9)Horvat P, Richards M, Kubinova R, Pajak A, Malyutina S, et al: Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and cognitive function in older Eastern European adults. Neurology 84: 287-295, 2015
10)Arntzen KA, Schirmer H, Wilsgaard T, Mathiesen EB: Moderate wine consumption is associated with better cognitive test results: a 7 year follow up of 5033 subjects in the Tromsø Study. Acta Neurol Scand 122(Suppl.190): 23-29, 2010
11)Gu J, Li Z, Chen H, Xu X, Li Y, et al: Neuroprotective effect of trans-resveratrol in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Neurol Ther 10: 905-917, 2021
12)Vidavalur R, Otani H, Singal PK, Maulik N: Significance of wine and resveratrol in cardiovascular disease: French paradox revisited. Exp Clin Cardiol 11: 217-225, 2006
13)Ayabe T, Fukuda T, Ano Y: Improving effects of hop-derived bitter acids in beer on cognitive functions: a new strategy for vagus nerve stimulation. Biomolecules 10:131, 2020[doi: 10.3390/biom10010131]
14)Taniguchi Y, Matsukura Y, Ozaki H, Nishimura K, Shindo K: Identification and quantification of the oxidation products derived from α-acids and beta-acids during storage of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). J Agric Food Chem 61: 3121-3130, 2013
15)Obara K, Mizutani M, Hitomi Y, Yajima H, Kondo K: Isohumulones, the bitter component of beer, improve hyperglycemia and decrease body fat in Japanese subjects with prediabetes. Clin Nutr 28: 278-284, 2009
16)Morimoto-Kobayashi Y, Ohara K, Ashigai H, Kanaya T, Koizumi K, et al: Matured hop extract reduces body fat in healthy overweight humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study. Nutr J 15: 25, 2016
17)Ano Y, Hoshi A, Ayabe T, Ohya R, Uchida S, et al: Iso-alpha-acids, the bitter components of beer, improve hippocampus-dependent memory through vagus nerve activation. FASEB J 33: 4987-4995, 2019
18)Ayabe T, Ohya R, Taniguchi Y, Shindo K, Kondo K, et al: Matured hop-derived bitter components in beer improve hippocampus-dependent memory through activation of the vagus nerve. Sci Rep 8: 15372, 2018[doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33866-1]
19)Fukuda T, Ayabe T, Ohya R, Ano Y: Matured hop bitter acids improve spatial working and object recognition memory via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 236: 2847-2854, 2019
20)Yamazaki T, Morimoto-Kobayashi Y, Koizumi K, Takahashi C, Nakajima S, et al: Secretion of a gastrointestinal hormone, cholecystokinin, by hop-derived bitter components activates sympathetic nerves in brown adipose tissue. J Nutr Biochem 64: 80-87, 2019
21)Yamazaki T, Takahashi C, Taniguchi Y, Narukawa M, Misaka T, et al: Bitter taste receptor activation by hop-derived bitter components induces gastrointestinal hormone production in enteroendocrine cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 533: 704-709, 2020
22)Fukuda T, Ohya R, Kobayashi K, Ano Y: Matured hop bitter acids in beer improve lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior. Front Neurosci 13: 41, 2019[doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00041]
23)Ano Y, Dohata A, Taniguchi Y, Hoshi A, Uchida K, et al: Iso-α-acids, bitter components of beer, prevent inflammation and cognitive decline induced in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 292: 3720-3728, 2017
24)Ano Y, Ohya R, Yamazaki T, Takahashi C, Taniguchi Y, et al: Hop bitter acids containing a β-carbonyl moiety prevent inflammation-induced cognitive decline via the vagus nerve and noradrenergic system. Sci Rep 10: 20028, 2020[doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77034-w]
25)Fukuda T, Obara K, Saito J, Umeda S, Ano Y: Effects of hop bitter acids, bitter components in beer, on cognition in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Agric Food Chem 68: 206-212, 2020
26)Fukuda T, Ohnuma T, Obara K, Kondo S, Arai H, et al: Supplementation with matured hop bitter acids improves cognitive performance and mood state in healthy older adults with subjective cognitive decline. J Alzheimers Dis 76: 387-398, 2020