BRAIN and NERVE－神経研究の進歩76巻12号

2024年12月発行

総説

マルチタスクの効用—ワーキングメモリから知能研究への展開

著者： 渡邉慶¹²

所属機関： ¹大阪大学大学院生命機能研究科 ²大阪大学大学大学院医学研究科

ページ範囲：P.1351 - P.1359

文献概要

現代の情報社会ではマルチタスク能力がますます求められている。マルチタスク能力の個人差がワーキングメモリを介して「知能」（general intelligence）の個人差と密接に関連していることはあまり知られていない。本稿ではこれらの関係を明らかにし，さらに，マルチタスク能力をトレーニングで強化することで一般知能の向上を目指した2000年代以降の「脳トレ」ブームの効果の有無について概説する。

参考文献

1）Turner ML, Engle RW: Is working memory capacity task dependent? J Mem Lang 28: 127-154, 1989

2）Cowan N: The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav Brain Sci 24: 87-114, 2001

3）Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ: Working memory. In Bower GA (eds.): The psychology of learning and motivation. Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp47-89

4）Engle RW, Tuholski SW, Laughlin JE, Conway AR: Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. J Exp Psychol Gen 128: 309-331, 1999

5）Spearman C: “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. Am J Psychol 15: 201-293, 1904

6）Cattell RB: Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1971, pp1-583

7）Raven J, Raven J: Raven Progressive Matrices. In McCallum RS (eds.): Handbook of Nonverbal Assessment. Springer, Boston, 2003, pp223-237

8）Wechsler D: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, Administration and Scoring Manual. Pearson, San Antonio, TX, 2008, pp1-258

9）Cattell RB, Cattell AKS: Culture Fair Intelligence Test, Manual. Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Champaign, IL, 1973, pp1-6

10）Osaka N, Osaka M, Kondo H, Morishita, M, Fukuyama H, et al: The neural basis of executive function in working memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences. Neuroimage 21: 623-631, 2004

11）Watanabe K, Funahashi S: Neural mechanisms of dual-task interference and cognitive capacity limitation in the prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 17: 601-611, 2014

12）Watanabe K, Kadohisa M, Kusunoki M, Buckley MJ, Duncan J: Cycles of goal silencing and reactivation underlie complex problem-solving in primate frontal and parietal cortex. Nat Commun 14: 5054, 2023［doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40676-1］

13）渡邉 慶, 船橋新太郎: 二重課題の神経生物学: 二重課題干渉効果と前頭連合野の役割. 霊長類研究31: 87-100, 2015

14）Ericsson KA, Chase WG, Faloon S: Acquisition of a memory skill. Science 208: 1181-1182, 1980

15）Klingberg T: Training and plasticity of working memory. Trends Cogn Sci 14: 317-324, 2010

16）Buonomano DV, Merzenich MM: Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annu Rev Neurosci 21: 149-186, 1998

17）Nudo RJ, Milliken GW, Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM: Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci 16: 785-807, 1996

18）Klingberg T, Forssberg H, Westerberg H: Training of working memory in children with ADHD. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24: 781-791, 2002

19）Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Perrig WJ: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 6829-6833, 2008

20）Melby-Lervåg M, Redick TS, Hulme C: Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of “far transfer” evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci 11: 512-534, 2016

21）Redick TS: The hype cycle of working memory training. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 28: 423-429, 2019

22）Woodworth RS, Thorndike EL: The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other functions. (I). Psychol Rev 8: 247-261, 1901

23）Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Shah P: Short-and long-term benefits of cognitive training. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 10081-10086, 2011

24）ジェームズ・R・フリン（著）, 水田賢政（訳）: なぜ人類のIQは上がり続けているのか？ 人種, 性別, 老化と知能指数. 太田出版. 東京, 2015

25）Harrison TL, Shipstead Z, Hicks KL, Hambrick DZ, Redick TS, et al: Working memory training may increase working memory capacity but not fluid intelligence. Psychol Sci 24: 2409-2419, 2013